Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J. Rajchard Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biological Disciplines, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Title: Antipredator pheromones in amphibians: a review Abstract: Specific chemosignals (pheromones) have an important role in the antipredator behaviour in amphibians and other vertebrates. However, relatively little is known about the occurrence of chemical alarm cues just in amphibians. The site of chemosignals perception is vomeronasal system. The presence of the vomeronasal system in aquatic amphibians indicates that it did not arise as an adaptation to terrestrial life. Predators may inhibit mate search of some species, and male newts probably take greater risks during the breeding season. Field tests demonstrated different responses to male newt extract - probably trade-off that incorporates risk and resource sensitivity. Response to chemical alarm signals has been documented for tadpoles of frog and for several species of salamander. The response of tadpoles to predator includes morphological modifications and influence of coloration, growth and development retardation. Tadpoles of Rana aurora release a chemical that provides conspecifics with an early warning of predator presence. Bufo boreas tadpoles living in the presence of conspecific alarm cues and chemosignals of specific predators reduce the time of metamorphosis in order to reduce the time in the presence of its predators. Presence of conspecific alarm substances in water and predators' waste products have an important role in the chemical detection of predators by tadpoles of Rana temporaria and Bufo bufo. Tadpoles of Rana utricularia significantly decreased the growth and increased the mortality of Hyla cinerea tadpoles on the basis of behavioral and chemical interference. Rana utricularia tadpoles apparently use both chemical interference and aggressive behavior in securing a competitive advantage over H. cinerea tadpoles. The response of tadpoles of Rana aurora to tadpoles of Taricha granulosa appear be similar to their response to tadpole extract in eliciting alarm, while insect-fed newts would have less of an effect since predators consuming other species may be less of a threat. In some cases (e.g. in Bufo bufo and B. calamita) chemosignals released in response to threat by predators (direct attack or detection of the predator scents) exert their effects across species. Keywords: infochemicals, vomeronasal system, toad, newt, salamander, frog, tadpole, predator Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 409-413 Volume: 51 Issue: 8 Year: 2006 DOI: 10.17221/5563-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5563-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200608-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:51:y:2006:i:8:id:5563-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Kosinova Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: I. Psikal Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Restriction fragment length polymorphism of ORF6 and ORF7 genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine strains registered in the Czech Republic Abstract: Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of open reading frames 6 and 7 was applied to comparative genetic analysis of live attenuated vaccine strains (Amervac-PRRS/A3, Porcilis PRRS, Ingelvac PRRS) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), registered in the Czech Republic, six field viruses (L-588, L-1606, L-2053, L-3305, L-6558, L-6791), and three PRRSV local field isolates (CAMP V-502, CAMP V-503, VOS 2878) found in pig herds in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The set of restriction enzymes Hae II, Alu I and BsaJ I allowed the differentiation of local field isolates, field viruses of PRRS, and vaccine strains of the European genotype from North American genotype, but could also distinguish between viruses of the same genotype. Five different RFLP patterns were obtained from twelve examined PRRS viruses by combination of the above restriction enzymes. RFLP code 1-1-1 was the most frequent digestion pattern within all PRRS field viruses (L-588, L-1606, L-2053, L-3305, L-6558, L-6791), CAMP V-502 isolate and vaccine strain Porcilis PRRS, which is suggestive of higher antigenic identity among the compared viruses. In the North American types (Ingelvac PRRS vaccine strain and VOS 2878 isolate), homogeneity in restriction patterns (code 2-x-4) was recorded. These studies indicate that PCR-based RFLP analysis of ORF6 and ORF7 of genes might be a suitable tool in epidemiological studies of PRRSV, similarly to the studies based on genetic analysis of ORF5 gene. Keywords: RT-PCR, RFLP, PRRSV, ORF6 and ORF7, vaccine Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 414-422 Volume: 51 Issue: 8 Year: 2006 DOI: 10.17221/5565-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5565-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200608-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:51:y:2006:i:8:id:5565-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: H. Kroupova Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Machova Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic Author-Name: Z. Svobodova Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Piackova Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Smutna Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Title: The ability of recovery in common carp after nitrite poisoning Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess the ability of recovery in common carp after nitrite poisoning and to distinguish the difference in nitrite poisoning of carp at two different chloride concentrations in water. Two groups of carp (group 1 and 2) were exposed to environmental nitrite concentration of 1.45 mmol/l NO2- at different chloride concentrations (group 1: 0.31 mmol/l Cl- and group 2: 3.73 mmol/l Cl-) for 48 hours. After that, they were transferred into nitrite-free water. In the group 1 mortality of 51% occurred during nitrite exposure and further 11% mortality was observed after 24 h in nitrite free water. No mortality occurred in group 2 and control. Nitrite and methaemoglobin concentrations (MetHb) markedly increased in group 1 (plasma: 10.5 ± 1.90 mmol/l NO2-, liver: 3.5 ± 1.15 mmol/kg NO2-, muscle: 1.5 ± 0.37 mmol/kg NO2-, and MetHb: 93 ± 6.1%) compared with control (plasma: 0.05 ± 0.04 mmol/l NO2-, liver: 0.02 ± 0.01 mmol/kg NO2-, muscle: 0.04 ± 0.01 mmol/kg NO2-, and MetHb: 3 ± 2.9%). After 24 h in nitrite-free water, the values mildly decreased but not significantly (plasma: 5.1 ± 1.49 mmol/l NO2-, liver: 1.8 ± 0.65 mmol/kg NO2-, muscle: 0.8 ± 0.23 mmol/kg NO2-, and MetHb: 84 ± 11.2%). After next 120 h the values decreased significantly and were compared with those found in the control group (traces of nitrite, MetHb: 3 ± 2.1%). Nitrite exposure caused also increase in plasma K+ (3.8 ± 0.29 mmol/l), ammonia (230 ± 92 µmol/l), urea (1.7 ± 0.28 mmol/l) and uric acid concentration (66 ± 54 µmol/l) in group 1. On the other hand, values of haematocrit, erythrocyte count and haemoglobin concentration were markedly lower than control values. Most changes were corrected by the end of the recovery period, only plasma potassium concentration dropped bellow the control values. Nearly no changes were found in the group 2 compared with the control during the whole experiment duration. This shows the positive effect of chlorides on the fish resistance against nitrites. Keywords: Cyprinus carpio L., acute toxicity, haematology, ammonia, urea, uric acid, potassium Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 423-431 Volume: 51 Issue: 8 Year: 2006 DOI: 10.17221/5567-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5567-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200608-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:51:y:2006:i:8:id:5567-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Vnuk Author-Workplace-Name: Surgical, Orthopaedic and Ophtalmology Clinic, Author-Name: N. Lemo Author-Workplace-Name: Clinic of Internal Medicine with the Collegium of Cynology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: B. Radisic Author-Workplace-Name: Surgical, Orthopaedic and Ophtalmology Clinic, Author-Name: V. Nesek-Adam Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Sveti Duh General Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: A. Musulin Author-Workplace-Name: Surgical, Orthopaedic and Ophtalmology Clinic, Author-Name: J. Kos Author-Workplace-Name: Surgical, Orthopaedic and Ophtalmology Clinic, Title: Serum lidocaine concentration after epidural administration in dogs Abstract: The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine deals with the measurement of lidocaine concentration in the blood and its changes over time. The toxicity of lidocaine is a function of its peak plasma concentration, which in turn depends on several factors including total dose and rates of systemic absorption and elimination. The aim of the study was to assess serum levels of lidocaine after a single shot epidural injection in dogs seen in daily practice. The study included nine dogs undergoing different types of surgery. The animals were anesthetized with a combination of diazepam and ketamine; then lidocaine was injected epidurally. Blood samples for measurement of serum lidocaine concentration were obtained before and at 10, 30, 60 and 120 min after single injection. Basic vital parameters of heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure and hemoglobin saturation were recorded before induction of general anesthesia (T1), immediately after intubation (T2), and then at 10, 30, 60 and 120 min of epidural lidocaine administration. Study results indicated that serum lidocaine concentration did not reach the levels of potential toxicity in dogs upon epidural injection of 4 mg/kg lidocaine at a concentration of 2% and there were no significant alterations in basic vital parameters. Keywords: epidural anesthesia, lidocaine, dog Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 432-436 Volume: 51 Issue: 8 Year: 2006 DOI: 10.17221/5569-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/5569-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200608-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:51:y:2006:i:8:id:5569-VETMED