Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S.Gy. Fekete Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent Istvan University, Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: R.O. Kellems Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant and Animal Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA Title: Interrelationship of feeding with immunity and parasitic infection: a review Abstract: Authors overlook the recent findings in the field of the complex interrelationship among nutrition, immune status and parasitic infestation. After summarizing the general characteristics of the active immune system, they describe the first period of the systemic immune response, the acute phase reaction. The cause of drastical decrease in serum zinc concentration is redistribution into the liver and lymphocyte metallothioneins. Immune deficiency correlates only indirectly with the nutrition. Ingestion of feed mycotoxins (e.g. T-2 toxin) and peroxides causes lymphocytes depletion in the lymphoid organs. Events of immunological stress are a special form of homeorrhetic control. Lack of energy and protein hardly damages the humoral immunity. Undernutrition fundamentally affects the cell-mediated immune response and the complement production. In animals, the lack of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine and selenium has been associated with signs of immunodeficiency. The concentrations of trace elements required for healthy animals are often below what is required for animals experiencing an immunological challenge. Zinc has both specific and aspecific role in the immune defence mechanism. Zinc regulates the maturation and function of immune cells, among others by protecting developing lymphocytes from apoptosis. As part of the zinc-finger proteins, may influence DNA transcription. The thymus synthesizes a 9-amino acid peptide hormone, the thymulin, which is activated after having bound zinc. Selenium has a vitamin E-independent immunostimulant effect in the marginally supplied animals. Active form of vitamin D3 regulates transcription at cell level, acts as an immunomodulator and promotes phagocytosis. Lack of essential fatty acids in the diet of experimental animals caused atrophy of lymphoid organs and the reduction both the T-cell mediated and the independent immune response. Practical application of the new immunological findings is the segregated early weaning (SEW). Feed allergy results either in immediate hypersensitivity reaction within 1 to 2 hours or a T cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity reaction within days. Under a certain number of worms ("threshold value") the host organism did not show detectable changes. Parasitic infection changes the body and skeletal composition: the water content increases, that of protein and fat drop; the calcium and phosphorus concentration of bones decreases. Helminths, developing in the animal, may cause serious local lesions; anaemia and the change of plasma proteins. Worms' toxins stimulate the production of gastrointestinal hormones, causing reduction in voluntary feed intake. Rabbits with biliary coccidiosis significantly decreased voluntary feed intake and the digestibility of the fats. The extent of infection and the oocyte excretion of Eimeria maxima in growing chickens showed a strong negative correlation with the plasma carotenoid level and strong positive correlation with the blood nitrogen oxide and γ-interferon concentration. Keywords: acute phase, immunological stress, zinc-finger, thymulin, GALT, microbiota, feed allergy, minerals, Coxsackievirus B3, vitamins, gastrointestinal parasites, threshold values, feed intake, leak lesion Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 131-143 Volume: 52 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2028-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2028-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200704-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:52:y:2007:i:4:id:2028-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Skoric Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: E.J. Shitaye Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Halouzka Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Fictum Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: I. Trcka Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Heroldova Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: E. Tkadlec Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic Author-Name: I. Pavlik Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in free living small terrestrial mammals and the risk of infection to humans and animals: a review Abstract: The present study describes pathogenesis and morphology of tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in small terrestrial mammals, above all, in rodents. The most serious infectious agents that cause tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in these animals are also cited. Besides others, the diseases caused by pathogenic mycobacteria that are members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium complexes, M. lepraemurium, tularaemia, brucellosis and salmonellosis are included in the present study. Keywords: bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, avian tuberculosis, mycobacteriosis, terrestrial mammals, zoonoses Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 144-161 Volume: 52 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2032-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2032-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200704-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:52:y:2007:i:4:id:2032-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: I. Herzig Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: M. Navratilova Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Suchy Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Pharmacy, Author-Name: V. Vecerek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Totusek Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Model trial investigating retention in selected tissues using broiler chicken fed cadmium and humic acid Abstract: Forty randomly selected chickens were allocated into four groups: K, HA, Cd and Cd + HA. After a 5-day adaptation period, the experiment was initiated. Group K was fed a diet without supplements. Group HA was fed the same diet with a 0.5 g supplement of humic acid per chicken/day. Group Cd was treated with 0.147 mg Cd per chicken/day (0.3 mg of CdCl2 . 5H2O), and Group Cd + HA was given the same treatment as the latter group, with an additional 0.5 g humic acid per chicken/day. The chickens were given the above mentioned treatment daily, for 10 days. Subsequently, they were slaughtered and samples from livers, kidneys and leg muscle (m. flexor perforans et perforatus) were collected and Cd levels determined. The Cd levels detected in Group K are commonly found in market chickens and were assumed to be base background value; these represent 32%, 5.2% and 20% of allowed maximum residual limit (MRL) in kidney, liver and muscle, respectively. The limits are 1.0; 0.5 and 0.05 mg/kg for kidney, liver and muscle, respectively. The ten-day treatment with 0.147 mg Cd/day, i.e. 1.47 mg Cd per 10 days, significantly increased Cd levels in all investigated tissues. Average levels in kidneys, livers and leg muscle were 4.99 ±1.57, 0.558 ± 0.630 and 0.052 ± 0.008 mg Cd/kg, respectively. When cadmium chloride was given together with humic acids, (group Cd + HA), Cd levels decreased in all investigated tissues by 39.6%, 34.2% and 80.8% in kidney, liver and muscle, respectively. The average levels were 3.012 ± 1.33, 0.361 ± 0.367 and < 0.01 mg/kg in kidneys, livers and leg muscle, respectively. Keywords: cadmium chloride, liver, kidney, leg muscle, transfer factor, biochemical profile Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 162-168 Volume: 52 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2031-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2031-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200704-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:52:y:2007:i:4:id:2031-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Holasova Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Karpiskova Author-Workplace-Name: National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: S. Karpiskova Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Babak Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Schlegelova Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Comparison of methods for the determination of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. human and the food chain isolates Abstract: With a microdilution method, using the commercial diagnostic test Sensititre Susceptibility Plates for Campylobacter MIC (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA), disk diffusion and agar dilution method, resistance to six antimicrobial agents were examined in a reference strain Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560 and 73 thermo-tolerant isolates of Campylobacter spp. For the microdilution method and all tested antimicrobial agents, our determined values of microbiological breakpoints of resistant strains were suggested as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICR) for ciprofloxacin ≥ 0.5, erythromycin ≥ 4, gentamicin ≥ 4, nalidixic acid ≥ 32 and tetracycline ≥ 4 μg/ml. On the basis of our study results, strains resistant to clindamycin were MICR ≥ 2 μg/ml for the dilution methods and a zone diameter R ≤ 16 mm for the disk diffusion method. Comparison of the results of the resistance examination, a microdilution method and disk diffusion method with the reference agar dilution method, showed that all compared methods yielded identical results with the exception of the resistance determination in erythromycin and nalidixic acid. The errors were mostly the result of the interpretation criteria for MICR of agar dilution method and different conditions of cultivation used. However, the compared methods, provide results comparable with the reference method having greater convenience of measurement. Keywords: dilution methods, disk diffusion method, resistance interpretation, clindamycin Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 169-174 Volume: 52 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2030-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2030-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200704-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:52:y:2007:i:4:id:2030-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Srebocan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: J. Pompe-Gotal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: A. Prevendar-Crnic Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Author-Name: E. Ofner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Title: Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) farmed in the Adriatic Sea Abstract: Levels of total mercury in the muscle (29 samples) and liver tissue (15 samples) of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) weighing 100-300 kg were determined by cold vapour atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy. Tunas were previously captured in the waters of Malta, towed to the farm in the Adriatic Sea and fattened with defrosted herring and sardine for the period of 6 to 7 months. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the magnitude of mercury contamination and to ascertain whether the concentrations in muscle tissue exceeded the maximum level defined by the European Commission Decision (1 μg/g wet weight). Total mercury concentrations in the muscle tissue of tunas ranged from 0.49 to 1.809 (median 0.899 μg/g wet weight) while in the liver tissue it was from 0.324 to 3.248 (median 1.165 μg/g wet weight). Total mercury concentrations in six samples of sardine ranged from 0.050 to 0.072 μg/g wet weight while two samples of herring contained 0.020 and 0.053 μg/g wet weight. Twelve out of 29 (41%) muscle samples of tuna contained mercury above the maximum level defined by the European Commission Decision. It is generally believed that mercury levels in Mediterranean fish are higher than those of the other seas or oceans due to numerous deposits of mercury ores and metallic mercury in surrounding countries. Keywords: mercury, tuna, contamination, legislation Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 175-177 Volume: 52 Issue: 4 Year: 2007 DOI: 10.17221/2029-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/2029-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-200704-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:52:y:2007:i:4:id:2029-VETMED