Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Golynski Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: W. Krumrych Author-Workplace-Name: National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland Author-Name: K. Lutnicki Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland Title: The role of beta-endorphin in horses: a review Abstract: Opium alkaloids counterparts are secreted by human and animal organisms but the role of endogenous opioid peptides in horses has not yet been fully elucidated. Endogenous opioids are involved in regulating food intake, sexual and social activity, pain relief and pain threshold regulation in horses as well as in regulating the functions of the immune system. The aim of this review is to describe the endogenous opioid system in the horse and its function during stress, illness, reproduction, and its influence on immunity and on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in horses. What is currently known concerning beta-endorphin suggests that they can be a promising diagnostic or prognostic indicator of many pathologic states in horses. Keywords: horse, endorphin, opioids Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 423-429 Volume: 56 Issue: 9 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/3205-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3205-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201109-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:56:y:2011:i:9:id:3205-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Sperlova Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Zendulkova Author-Workplace-Name: University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Bluetongue: a review Abstract: Bluetongue is a non-contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by a virus within the Orbivirus genus of the family Reoviridae and transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. It is a reportable disease of considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance for the international trade of animals and animal products. In the past, bluetongue endemic areas were found between latitudes 40°N and 35°S; however, bluetongue has recently spread far beyond this traditional range. This is in accordance with the extension of areas in which the biting midge Culicoides imicola, the major vector of the virus in the "Old World", is active. After 1998 new serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) were discovered in Southern European and Mediterranean countries. Since 2006 BTV-serotype 8 has also been reported from the countries in Northern and Western Europe where Culicoides imicola has not been found. In such cases, BTV is transmitted by Palearctic biting midges, such as C. obsoletus or C. dewulfi, and the disease has thus spread much further north than BTV has ever previously been detected. New BTV serotypes have recently been identified also in Israel, Australia and the USA. This review presents comprehensive information on this dangerous disease including its history, spread, routes of transmission and host range, as well as the causative agent and pathogenesis and diagnosis of the disease. It also deals with relevant preventive and control measures to be implemented in areas with bluetongue outbreaks. Keywords: Orbivirus, ruminants, Culicoides spp., pathogenesis, control, prevention Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 430-452 Volume: 56 Issue: 9 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/3206-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3206-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201109-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:56:y:2011:i:9:id:3206-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: M. Pohanka Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic Author-Name: R. Chlibek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic Author-Name: K. Kuca Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic Author-Name: H. Bandouchova Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Pikula Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Diagnosis of tularemia using biochemical, immunochemical and molecular methods: a review Abstract: Tularemia, an infection caused by the intracellular gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, is accompanied by high mortality and occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The causative agent is also considered one of the most important biological warfare agents. As well as its taxonomy and epidemiology, the basic immunochemical, biochemical, and molecular approaches for disease diagnosis are outlined in this review. Aspects of immune responses during tularemia and damage to specific organs are discussed with regards to the predictive value of standard biomarkers. Bacterial burden is also considered as a limitation for polymerase-chain-reaction-based diagnosis. Keywords: Francisella tularensis, tularaemia, zoonosis, pathogenesis, assay Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 453-461 Volume: 56 Issue: 9 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/3207-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3207-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201109-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:56:y:2011:i:9:id:3207-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: W. Brudnicki Author-Workplace-Name: University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz, Poland Title: Morphometric analysis of the brain base arteries in fallow deer (Dama dama) Abstract: This paper describes the course and variation in the brain base arteries in fallow deer. The metrical features of the brain base arteries were determined with an image analysis system. The main sources of blood supply to the brain in fallow deer are internal carotid arteries; vertebral arteries rarely participate in blood supply. The brain base arteries in fallow deer show variation both in their course and in the way of descent of particular vessels. The highest variation was observed in the way of the opening of caudal cerebral arteries. The volume of the arterial circle of brain in fallow deer is similar to the volume of the basilar artery. Considering the correlation between specific parameters, it can be concluded that the volume of the basilar artery is highly correlated with the volume of the posterior part of the arterial circle of the brain, i.e., the volume of the caudal communicating arteries. Keywords: artery, brain, morphometric analysis, fallow deer Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 462-468 Volume: 56 Issue: 9 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/3208-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3208-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201109-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:56:y:2011:i:9:id:3208-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Aydin Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey Author-Name: Z.E. Ozkan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey Author-Name: S. Yilmaz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey Author-Name: R. Ilgun Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Republic University, Sivas, Turkey Title: The arteries originating from the aortic arch and the patterns of their branches in ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) Abstract: In this study, the aim was to investigate the anatomy of the aortic arch in ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus). Five ground squirrels were investigated. The materials were carefully dissected and the arterial patterns of arteries originating from the aortic arch were examined. The brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery were separated from the aortic arch. The brachiocephalic trunk first gave the left common carotid artery, and then the right subclavian and common carotid artery detached from it. In all the animals examined, at the cranial thoracic entrance and after leaving from this entrance, similar branches arising from the left and right subclavian arteries were the common branch of the internal thoracic artery and the intercostal suprema artery, separate branches as the vertebral and descending scapular arteries and a common branch of the cervical superficial, the cervical profund, the suprascapular arteries and the spinal ramus. After separation of these branches, the continuation of the artery gave the external thoracic artery on the external face of the thoracic cavity and then formed the axillar artery. The axillary artery separated into the subscapular and the brachial arteries. In conclusion, the pattern of arteries originating from the aortic arch and the branches of these arteries were partially similar to what has been observed in red squirrels, and thus differ from other rodents and domestic mammals. Keywords: arteries, aortic arch, ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 469-472 Volume: 56 Issue: 9 Year: 2011 DOI: 10.17221/3209-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/3209-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201109-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:56:y:2011:i:9:id:3209-VETMED