Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: B. Khoramian Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Author-Name: M. Emaneini Author-Workplace-Name: School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran Author-Name: M. Bolourchi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: A. Niasari-Naslaji Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Author-Name: A. Gorganzadeh Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Author-Name: S. Abani Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Author-Name: P. Hovareshti Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Title: Therapeutic effects of a combined antibiotic-enzyme treatment on subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows Abstract: ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate a combined antibiotic-enzyme therapy for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis and biofilm formation. A total of 141 cases of S. aureus chronic mastitis from three farms were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 54) were treated with Nafpenzal® ointment; the enzyme + antibiotic group (n = 87) were treated with Nafpenzal® plus an enzymatic ointment (MastiVeyxym®). Quantitative determination of biofilm formation was determined using a colorimetric microplate assay and the detection of ica genes by PCR. Enzyme + antibiotic therapy did not significantly improve cure rates compared to control (48.3 vs 38.9%). The cure rate for infections caused by biofilm-positive strains was 42.6 and 46.6% for control and enzyme + antibiotic groups, respectively (P > 0.05). Comparison of cure rates between farms showed a relationship with somatic cell count (SCC), parity and oxacillin resistance. 79.4% of the isolates produced biofilm and antibacterial resistance rates for oxacillin, penicillin and streptomycin were 25.5, 71.6 and 95.7%, respectively. These results indicate that while the increase in mastitis cure rate using enzymatic therapy was not significant, this treatment could be useful in some situations. Keywords: mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus, biofilm, enzyme-antibiotic treatment, genomic DNA, ica genes Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 237-242 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8876-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8876-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0001.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8876-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: P. Melkova Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: P. Jahn Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: S. Bodecek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: O. Dobesova Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: J. Hanak Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Evaluation of poor performance in racehorses using a high-speed treadmill Abstract: The study reports the results of a comprehensive clinical evaluation of 18 racehorses with a history of inadequate athletic performance. The poor performance evaluation included general physical examination and laboratory screening, respiratory examination including upper airway endoscopy at rest and during maximal treadmill exercise, cardiac examination, post-exercise serum biochemistry and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. A definitive diagnosis was established in 15 horses (83.3%). The most frequent findings were upper respiratory tract disorders, with dorsal displacement of the soft palate being most often diagnosed (eight horses) followed by axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (two horses) and recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (two horses). Inflammatory airway disease was diagnosed in two horses and exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in one horse. Subclinical myopathy was detected in two horses. Ten horses (55.6%) had multiple concomitant problems that may have contributed to their inadequate athletic performance; therefore, a comprehensive approach is required to diagnose the cause of decreased athletic capability. Keywords: exercise testing, upper airway obstruction, endoscopy, horse Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 243-248 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8878-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8878-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0002.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8878-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: A. Pospichal Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic Author-Name: V. Piackova Author-Workplace-Name: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Vodnany, Czech Republic Author-Name: D. Pokorova Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Author-Name: T. Vesely Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Title: Susceptibility of stone loach (Barbatula barbatula) and hybrids between sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and beluga (Huso huso) to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 Abstract: Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 also known as koi herpesvirus is a causative agent of highly contagious disease (koi herpesvirus disease) and can cause significant losses in fish stocks. The disease is restricted to koi and common carp, but recent investigations have shown that other cyprinids as well as non-cyprinid species are asymptomatically susceptible to this virus and can play either a role as a potential carrier or can contribute to biological conservation of this virus. The susceptibility of two non-target species, stone loach (Barbatula barbatula) and sterbel - a hybrid between sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and beluga (Huso huso) to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 was tested by means of their co-habitation together with naïve koi and intraperitoneally KHV-infected koi (primary challenge). On the 15 th day post-infection (dpi), a secondary challenge was started (a portion of the surviving stone loach and sterbel were transferred to tanks with other naïve koi). All dead as well as surviving fish were investigated for the presence of KHV DNA in pooled samples of tissue from individual fish by nested PCR. Sampling for PCR from surviving fish was performed on the 15th dpi and on the 30th dpi of the primary challenge, and on the 30th dpi of the secondary challenge. During the primary challenge (up to the 30th dpi), average cumulative mortality in duplicated experimental groups was as follows: koi 100%, sterbel and stone loach both 5%. In the primary challenge, no surviving stone loach or sterbel sampled on the 15th dpi or those that died previously were found to be positive for viral DNA. Results of PCR revealed the presence of KHV DNA in 95% of co-habited naïve koi samples. PCR analysis of tissues taken from surviving fish on the 30th dpi revealed the presence of viral DNA in 77.8% (7/9) of stone loach and in 22.2% (2/9) of sterbel. Cumulative mortality of fish in the secondary challenge was 100% for stone loach and for koi co-habitating with them, and 50% for koi co-habitating with sterbel, which all survived. Despite the high mortality of koi and stone loach in the secondary challenge (probably caused by malfunction of biofilters or bacterial infection), none of them, nor any of the sturgeon hybrids were considered to be positive for KHV DNA. In summary, the hybrid between sterlet and beluga and the stone loach seemed to be susceptible to cyprinid herpesvirus 3, but we could not prove that they can transfer this virus to naïve koi. Keywords: CyHV-3, KHV, transmission, cohabitation Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 249-255 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8879-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8879-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0003.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8879-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: S. Sandikci Altunatmaz Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Faculty, Vocational High School, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: F. Yilmaz Aksu Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Faculty, Vocational High School, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: G. Issa Author-Workplace-Name: Avrupa Vocational School, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: B. Basaran Kahraman Author-Workplace-Name: Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: D. Dulger Altiner Author-Workplace-Name: Istanbul Aydin University, Besyol, Istanbul, Turkey Author-Name: S.K. Buyukunal Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health Sciences, Arel University, Istanbul, Turkey Title: Antimicrobial effects of curcumin against L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 pathogens in minced meat Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin, one of the active components of the Curcuma longa (turmeric) plant, against food pathogens in a minced meat medium. Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 33150 and S. aureus ATCC 25923 strains were used as food pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the macrodilution method. MIC values for curcumin were found to be 125 µg/ml for L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, and 250 µg/ml for S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7. Food pathogens were added to the minced meat at 104 CFU/g (including the control group) and curcumin at doses of 0.5%, 1% and 2% (except the control). The curcumin-supplemented minced meat and control were analysed 0-7 days later. At the end of seven days, it was seen that the 2% dose of curcumin had lowered L. monocytogenes and S. aureus counts by approximately 3 log CFU/g, and E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium counts by approximately 2 log CFU/g; the 1% dose had lowered L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium counts by approximately 2 log CFU/g; and that the 0.5% curcumin dose had lowered L. monocytogenes and S. aureus count by approximately 2 log CFU/g, and E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium count by approximately 1 log CFU/g. Changes in bacterial counts were found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). It was observed that antibacterial effect increased in direct proportion to dose, while sensory approval decreased. In this study, 0.5% and 1% curcumin doses were determined to be sensorily acceptable. It was concluded that, in view of the scientific benefits and antimicrobial efficacy of curcumin, it may be used instead of, or in smaller doses together with preservative additives in foods where colour change is not important. Keywords: curcumin, antimicrobial effect, foodborne pathogen, minced meat Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 256-262 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8880-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8880-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0004.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8880-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Adaszek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: J. Obara-Galek Author-Workplace-Name: Dogs and Cats Ambulatory "Vera", Sandomierz, Poland Author-Name: T. Piech Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: M. Winiarczyk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: M. Kalinowski Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: S. Winiarczyk Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland Title: Possible vertical transmission of Babesia canis canis from a bitch to her puppies: a case report Abstract: The present study reports the possible vertical transmission of Babesia canis canis from an infected bitch to her puppies. The study concerns a bitch that had developed babesiosis in week seven of pregnancy and her litter, three puppies that exhibited symptoms of the disease in Weeks 8-9 post-partum. In all animals, the infection with protozoa was confirmed by the results of a PCR blood test. The identity of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified fragment of the gene (18S RNA) isolated from the blood of the puppies and the bitch was 100%, which indicates that all the dogs were infected with the same strain of protozoa. This result, together with the exclusion of other possible routes of babesiosis transmission in puppies, suggests that they were infected with Babesia canis canis in utero. Keywords: Babesia canis canis, dogs, vertical transmission Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 263-266 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8881-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8881-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0005.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8881-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J.K. Park Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Name: E.M. Lee Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Name: A.Y. Kim Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Name: E.J. Lee Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Name: I.H. Hong Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea Author-Name: M.R. Ki Author-Workplace-Name: Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea Author-Name: K.S. Jeong Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea Title: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog confirmed using myogenin immunohistochemistry: a case report Abstract: A large mass from the right forelimb of a five-year-old, male, Maltese dog, was resected surgically and examined histopathologically. Grossly, the 4 × 6 cm mass was well-demarcated and firm. Microscopically, the mass was characterised by neoplastic mononuclear cells with large round hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. The neoplastic tumour cells were separated by thick or thin collagen septa and were arranged in an alveolar pattern forming cell nests. Immunohistochemical detections of the tumour revealed positive reactions for vimentin, desmin and myogenin, but the tumour was negative for alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), S-100, CD3, CD79a, CD68, cytokeratin 8 (CK8) and cytokeratin 18 (CK18). These results showed that the tumour cells originated from skeletal muscle; therefore, the tumour was diagnosed as an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Keywords: alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, desmin, myogenin, skeletal muscle, vimentin Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 267-271 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8882-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8882-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0006.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8882-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: L. Cakir Bayram Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey Author-Name: F. Aydin Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey Title: An abdominal cavity abscess associated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT2 in a dog: a case report Abstract: Most Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains are capable of infecting multiple hosts. In this report, an abdominal cavity abscess associated with the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT2 is described in a dog. A dead male dog was admitted to the Department of Pathology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Erciyes University for necropsy. Anorexia, weight loss and lethargy were the clinical symptoms that were reported by the owner of the dog. The diagnosis was made by histopathological and bacteriological examinations of the lungs, spleen, liver and heart. In addition, the content of the abdominal cavity mass was evaluated in bacteriological analysis. The serotyping, phage typing and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria were performed at the Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study reporting an abscess associated with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium phage type DT2 in a dog. Keywords: abdominal abscess, dog, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium variant DT2, minimum inhibitory concentration, resistance profile Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 272-278 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8883-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8883-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0007.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8883-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: D. Rozanska Author-Workplace-Name: University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: I. Szczerbal Author-Workplace-Name: Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland Author-Name: M. Stachowiak Author-Workplace-Name: Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland Author-Name: P. Debiak Author-Workplace-Name: University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: A. Smiech Author-Workplace-Name: University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: P. Rozanski Author-Workplace-Name: University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: M. Orzelski Author-Workplace-Name: University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: B. Zylinska Author-Workplace-Name: University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Author-Name: M. Switonski Author-Workplace-Name: Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland Author-Name: B. Slaska Author-Workplace-Name: University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland Title: Penile hypoplasia and rudimentary prepuce in a dog (78,XY; SRY-positive): a case report Abstract: This is the first report in the literature concerning penile hypoplasia and rudimentary prepuce in a 78,XY; SRY-positive male that received a successful surgical treatment. A six-month-old male mixed-breed dog with body weight of 3.5 kg and with symptoms of prolonged stranguria and abnormalities of the external genitalia were presented by the owner at the university surgical clinic. Clinical, biochemical, radiological, pathological, and genetic examinations of the dog were carried out. Penile hypoplasia and rudimentary prepuce were diagnosed. Early diagnosis of penile hypoplasia and rudimentary prepuce in small animals requires a high level of vigilance and is based on clinical and ultrasonographical findings. The radiography revealed a fan-shaped widening of the caudal part and shortening of the os penis. A hyperechogenic os penis with a wide posterior part and a slightly curved, smooth anterior end was imaged. No normal prepuce structures were observed. The endocrinological examination showed a substantially decreased testosterone level. Fast surgical intervention is preferable and confirms the diagnosis. In the presented case report enlargement of the preputial orifice was applied in order to prevent urinary retention and recurrent urinary tract infections. Orchiectomy was also performed. After the surgery, immediate clinical improvement was noted. The testicular atrophy diagnosed in the histological analysis explains the low level of the hormone. The cytogenetic analysis revealed a normal male set of chromosomes - 78,XY. The molecular analysis showed presence of the SRY gene as well as the ZFY gene, which reside on the Y chromosome and the ZFX, which is X-linked. The successful amplification of the SRY, ZFX, and ZFY genes confirmed the presence of both X and Y chromosomes. Sequencing and comparison with the reference sequence of the canine SRY gene indicated a normal sequence in the examined dog. Given the absence of polymorphisms and mutations in the coding sequence of the SRY gene, it can be assumed that it is not associated with the observed phenotype. The studied case was classified as testicular XY (SRY-positive) disorder of sex development (DSD), the aetiology of which remains unknown. Keywords: dog, disorder of sex development, penile hypoplasia, rudimentary prepuce, SRY, ZFX/ZFY Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 279-287 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8884-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8884-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0008.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8884-VETMED Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: E. Lee Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Name: A. Kim Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Name: E. Lee Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Name: S. Park Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Name: K. Jeong Author-Workplace-Name: College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Author-Workplace-Name: Stem Cell Therapeutic Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu City, Republic of Korea Title: Septic shock associated with complex infection by crop Candida and bacteria in two blue-fronted amazon parrots: a case report Abstract: Infectious disease is frequently associated with morbidity and mortality in companion birds. The clinical features of these bacterial and fungal diseases may be influenced by stress factors and the condition of the patient. We report a case of sepsis induced by complex infection by Candida fungi and gram-negative bacteria originating from the crop in two blue-fronted amazon parrots several days after import. On gross necropsy, severe cachexia and vomit within the oesophagus were found. White foci were observed in the kidney, liver, lung, and spleen of one parrot. In both patients, the crop contained cheese-like lesions within a white layer along the mucosa. Histopathologically, the crop mucosa was ulcerated with fungal hyphae and spores (Candida spp.), and bacteria within the ulcerated lesions. The mucosal epithelium of the digestive organs, including the crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, and intestines, were severely exfoliated and lysed in both patients. The solid organs, including the spleen, kidney, and liver, showed necrotic and/or apoptotic lesions. Rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria were observed within the heart ventricles, lung, and liver of one parrot, along with white foci in the solid organs grossly. Based on staining analysis of the crop mucosa, histopathological findings, and clinical history, we surmise that these two birds died due to sepsis originating from complex infection with crop fungi (candidiasis) and gram-negative bacteria. Keywords: blue-fronted amazon parrot, sepsis, candidiasis, bacterial infection, histopathology, diagnosis Journal: Veterinární medicína Pages: 288-294 Volume: 61 Issue: 5 Year: 2016 DOI: 10.17221/8885-VETMED File-URL: http://vetmed.agriculturejournals.cz/doi/10.17221/8885-VETMED.html File-Format: text/html X-File-Ref: http://agriculturejournals.cz/RePEc/caa/references/vet-201605-0009.txt Handle: RePEc:caa:jnlvet:v:61:y:2016:i:5:id:8885-VETMED