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In the perspective of return to nature, using scientific and technical progress for improved living standards, people began to search for solutions to alleviate environmental pollution. Researchers intend to make clean, affordable products that are gentle yet effective. Chitosan derived from the exoskeleton of crustaceans, cuticles of insects, cell walls of fungi, and some algae are renowned for many decades to exhibit biotic properties, especially anti-microbial characteristics. Here we review each ingredient for sourcing organic chitosan, with clean raw materials that can make pure, rich, and powerful products working naturally. Our study elaborates advances and utilisation of chitosan for industrial control-release fertilisers by physical, chemical, and multifaceted formulations such as water-retaining super absorbent, polyacrylic acid, and resins. Plant growth-promoting properties of chitosan as a growth regulator, pest/disease resistance, signalling regulation, effect on nuclear deformation, and apoptosis. Chitosan can improve the plant defence mechanism by stimulating photochemistry and enzymes related to photosynthesis. Furthermore, electrophysiological modification induced by chitosan can practically enable it to be utilised as a herbicide. Chitosan has an excellent role in improving soil fertility and plant growth as well as plant growth promoters. It is concluded, chitosan can play a key role in modern agriculture production and could be a valuable source promoting agricultural ecosystem sustainability. Future suggestions will be based on current achievements and also notable gaps. In addition, chitosan has a huge contribution to reducing fertilisers pollution, managing agricultural pests and pathogens in modern-day agriculture.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the usage of species with coloured roots to study root growth patterns during intercropping. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Detroit), having clear red roots, was used in a semi-field and field experiment to allow identification and quantification of roots of the individual species in the mixture. In the field experiment, red beet was strip intercropped with lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Creno) and kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. Sabellica), respectively while the red beet-lucerne intercropping was conducted in large rhizoboxes where root growth distribution and ¹⁵N isotope uptake was determined. The study confirmed that the direct visual measurement of root growth using species with coloured roots and indirect tracer uptake measurements contributed to the success of studying root growth dynamics in intercropping systems. Red beet root intensity was not considerably affected by the strip intercropping when the crops were established at the same time, but when established between existing lucerne strips, a reduction in roots at the border row was shown. Lucerne and kale were both observed to be able to exploit the deep soil layers beneath the red beet border row.

This study was carried out to present an innovative solution for interpreting large data sets in agri-statistics with the invocation of programmed visualisation. Moreover, the following polyfactorial long-term experiment embodies a comprehensive study of 18 wheat quality parameters. The effect of increasing dosages of fertiliser (control, N₉₀PK, N₁₅₀PK) was examined on 3 winter wheat cultivars (KG Kunhalom, GK Csillag, Hybiza) in two consecutive growing seasons (2018-2019). The ecological conditions of 2018 gave a significantly higher yield, meanwhile 2019 significantly augmented gluten spread, alveographic tenacity, alveographic deformation work, valorigraphic stability and quality group and loaf volume. N₉₀PK dosage was enough to realise yield and quality potential as well. Fertilising significantly improved 13 indices, namely yield, crude protein, Zeleny index, wet gluten content, alveographic extensibility, alveographic deformation work, valorigraphic water absorption, quality number and group, dough development time, stability, softening and loaf volume. Considering yield, cv. Hybiza performed better, while cvs. KG Kunhalom and GK Csillag possessed significantly better protein-linked postharvest attributes. One of the most important findings is that waffle chart, joint plot, correlation matrix and complexradar of Python provide a very powerful tool in agri-statistics. Also, the results can potentially improve the knowledge about cultivar-specific agronomy practice, wheat quality and the connections between these parameters.

In this study, we investigated the effects of wheat root exudates on soil bacterial communities in the watermelon rhizosphere using quantitative PCR and Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The qPCR results showed that wheat root exudates significantly increased the abundance of total bacteria, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. Illumina MiSeq sequencing results showed that wheat root exudates significantly changed the bacterial community structure and composition. These results indicated that plant root exudates play a role in plant-to-plant signalling, strongly affect the microbial community composition.

The phosphate precipitation of heavy metal induced by microorganisms plays an important role in immobilising heavy metal in soil. However, there is little knowledge about the effect of coexisting metal ions on the induction of Cu phosphate mineral and its stability. In this paper, the Cu phosphate precipitations, coexisting with Pb²⁺ or Ca²⁺ induced by strain LRP3, were characterised, and the stabilisation of the induced phosphate precipitates was also studied. The coexistence of Cu with Pb or Ca decreased the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺ by 17.18% and 9.78%, respectively, indicating the competitive adsorption between cations. Strain LRP3 could induce a new phosphate mineral of CuCa₁₀(PO₄)₇ when coexisting with Ca and also generate the phosphate minerals of Pb(H₂PO₄)₂ and Cu₃(PO₄)₂ when coexisting with Pb. The Cu-Ca coprecipitate could enhance the stability of Cu in dilute acid solution and soil with or without a plant, whiles the Cu-Pb one showed the opposite effect. Also, the Cu-induced phosphate precipitates were relatively stable and not easy to be absorbed by Pakchoi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis). The results showed that the influence of coexisting metal ions should be considered when phosphate mineralisation technology is used to immobilise heavy metals in the environment.

Waste from a forest environment constitutes an enormous quantity of renewable energy resources. In this study undesirable forest materials, such as jatropha seed shells (JSSs) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood shavings (EcWSs) were used in the production of briquettes with Acacia senegal as the binder using mixing proportions of 0 : 100, 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25 and 100 : 0 while the binder was varied from 50, 60, 70, 80 to 90 g. Some physical properties, such as the density, moisture content, water resistance and shatter index, were optimised using the response surface methodology at these mixing proportions. The outcome of the production showed the briquettes to have mean values of 0.66 kg.m^-3, 11.51, 91.12 and 99.7 % for the density, moisture content, water resistance and shatter index, respectively. The optimum mixing ratio and binder quantity of 75 : 25 and 60 g, respectively, would result in a briquette having a 0.70 kg.m^-3, 10.88, 98.11 and 99.86% density, moisture content, water resistance and shatter index, respectively. It has been revealed that the JSS and EcWS are potential organic wastes which could be used as a feedstock for the production of briquettes. It could be concluded that the variation in the mixing proportion of the JSSs, EcWSs and A. senegal significantly affected the properties of the produced briquettes.

Land levelling is one of the most energy-demanding steps in soil preparation. There are many limiting factors for a specific land levelling operation, such as fertile topsoil conservation, limited allowed slope, specific cut to fill ratio, etc. These limitations make optimisation problems of land levelling even more complicated. In this research, three computational and evolutionary methods including ICA, PSO, GA along with MLS were utilised as optimisation methods to minimise the soil cut and fill volumes and to determine the preferred levelling plane. The results indicated that ICA had the most efficient solution for the energy optimisation in the land levelling among the other investigated methods by saving 29% (17 GJ) of the total energy consumption compared with MLS. This study deals with optimising the energy consumption during land levelling projects using new computer-based techniques and compares them to the MLS method as a benchmark. All in all, ICA, PSO, and GA performed much better than MLS by saving 29, 17, and 10% of the total energy consumption in their best model (number 1 models), respectively. Nonetheless, with these great capacities for saving energy in developing countries, unfortunately, the lack of education and excess subsidies on fossil fuels nullify these potentials.

In order to make harvesting table olives profitable, mechanical harvesting has become an absolute necessity. Many small Andalusian producers face structural and financial constraints in implementing the mechanisation of harvesting and, as a consequence, the fruit is still harvested manually. A manual inverted umbrella (MIU), initially designed for harvesting oil olives, was evaluated in order to determine the extent in which this device can optimise the harvesting without jeopardising the fruit quality. Simultaneously, the effects of a diluted lye treatment, applied to prevent the proliferation of brown spots caused by bruising during mechanical harvesting, was also studied. The quality of the harvested fruit was evaluated after complete fermentation. The results indicate that when no diluted lye treatment was applied, using the MIU resulted in a slightly inferior fruit quality. However, when the amount of heavily damaged fruit is taken as a standard, the MIU presented results comparable to those obtained by manual harvesting. The MIU does, therefore, offer small producers an efficient alternative, given that manual harvesting costs are up to three times higher than the costs incurred during MIU harvesting.

Bund shaping is one of the essential operations in preparing a paddy transplanting field. This operation is undertaken manually by spades in a traditional way as this has not been mechanised thus far. Therefore, this study was conducted to expose this operation by evaluating the economic, as well as physiological, cost involved in the bund shaping. For the economic cost, the study was conducted in nine different districts of Assam (India). The bund length for the estimated area was measured and estimated for one ha of land. The average rate of manual bund shaping was also measured to calculate the cost involved in this operation. Moreover, for the physiological cost, ten experienced subjects were calibrated and measured for their maximum aerobic capacity by sub-maximal exercise in laboratory condition. Furthermore, the heart rate was measured during the manual bund shaping and was then correlated with the calibrated data. It was found that the average required bund shaping length per ha was 3 669 m which was associated with a cost of 2 062.8 rupees. It was found that the bund shaping consumed 76.96% of the maximum volume of the oxygen consumption capacity of the subjects; however, the energy expenditure rate with respect to time and bund length were 7.37 kcal.min^-1 and 4.33 kcal.m^-1, respectively. Hence, bund shaping in a paddy field comes under a severe workload category which emphasises the need of mechanisation for the bund shaping operation.

We managed to create a self-developed sensor system, which is based on the simultaneous reflectance measurements at a 660 and 940 nm wavelength. The ratio of the reflectance refers to the concentration of the soil organic carbon (SOC). This instrument has a calibration range of 1.19 to 6.05 SOC%. The SOC content of twenty-six soil samples was measured by the self-developed system and a standard spectrophotometric method and we found that the SOC estimation in the self-developed system had a good approximation and the differences ranged from -27.72% ~ + 6.99%. We found a strong correlation between the data of the reference measurements (R² = 0.73) and the values indicated by our self-developed sensor system (Reference (SOX%) =1.4857 × E (SOC%) - 0.7393). This measurement system is easy to use and displays and records the data in real time. This allows one to map an agricultural production area based on the SOC concentration using its built-in GPS unit.

Afforestation of less productive, risky and degraded agricultural land is one of the methods which is recommended for practical agriculture to increase the carbon sequestration. In this study, we have attempted to determine the effect of afforestation of agricultural land (warm, mildly dry climatic region of the Czech Republic) on the soil organic carbon (C_ox) concentrations in the mineral soil. Two soil types (Haplic Chernozem and Haplic Cambisol) were afforested. Both an indirect estimation (loss-on-ignition method) as well as chromsulfuric acid mixture oxidation were used to determine the organic carbon content in the soil samples and the methods were compared. In the case of the Haplic Chernozem, the C_ox concentration at a depth of 0-10 cm after 1-3 years of afforestation with pedunculate oak or Scots pine significantly decreased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.004, respectively) with the stand age. Similar to the case of the Haplic Chernozem, the C_ox concentration in the Haplic Cambisol also significantly decreased in the variants with Scots pine (P < 0.003) or a mixture of forest tree species (P < 0.006); no significant (P > 0.05) decrease was found in the case of a mixture of forest tree species on the Haplic Chernozem or with Douglas fir on the Haplic Cambisol. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) C_ox concentrations were typically found in the case of 1-year-old stands compared to 2-year-old or 3-year-old stands. A higher C_ox loss than the quantity of residues returned to the soils may be the reason the soil C_ox concentration significantly (P < 0.00001 and P < 0.000001) decreased for the control agricultural plots (Haplic Chernozem and Haplic Cambisol). The carbon stock in the upper 10 cm of the 5-year-old stands was higher on the Haplic Chernozem and lower on the Haplic Cambisol compared to the control agricultural plots.

Tile drainage belongs to one of the most important meliorative measures in the Czech Republic. It has been hypothesised that it may improve some soil properties which are influenced by the groundwater and their water regime. In the case of meadows, the used management method may also influence the soil properties. In this study, different physical soil properties (particle and bulk density, total soil porosity, maximum capillary water capacity, minimum air capacity, water retention capacity and saturated water content, volumetric water content and matric potential) at depths of 15, 35 or 40 and 60 cm in differently managed meadows (drained versus undrained) located near the village of Železná in the Czech Republic (mildly cold, humid climatic region) were investigated. The drained meadow is used mainly for grazing (extensively) and the undrained meadow is mown twice a year. In addition, the actual evapotranspiration was estimated for the 2018 vegetation season. The selected physical soil properties were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the experimental meadows, especially at depths of 0-28 versus 0-35 cm (particle and bulk density, total soil porosity, maximum capillary water capacity, water retention capacity and saturated water content) and 28-49 versus 35-45 cm (particle density, water retention capacity and saturated water content). In the case of all the studied soil depths, the volumetric water content and matric potential were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the experimental meadows in the years 2016-2019. The actual evapotranspiration was also significantly different (P < 0.05) between the meadows. The obtained differences in the measured soil properties and estimated actual evapotranspiration were probably influenced by the used tile drainage and also by the type of management of the meadow. It is necessary to obtain more research findings with respect to different types of management in the case of drained meadows and also undrained meadows to understand the role of both treatments (tile drainage, management).

There are several reports in the veterinary literature on tracheal assessment; however, there is a lack of studies on the trachea in voluntarily breathing dogs. The aim of this study was to describe the natural shape of the trachea in awake dogs and to assess tracheal dimensions and the width-to-height ratio. Thoracic computed tomographic images of awake small breed dogs without any signs of respiratory malfunction (n = 19) were evaluated. Each trachea was categorised into one of four different shapes: circular, horseshoe, crescent or focal dorsal invagination. The circular shape was prominent, particularly in the thoracic inlet and intrathoracic area, while the horseshoe shape was also normally present. In this group of normal dogs, there were no crescent-shaped tracheas, but focally invaginated tracheas were observed. The mean tracheal heights at five locations, namely the caudal endplate of the fourth cervical vertebra, cranial endplate of the seventh cervical vertebra, mid-body of the first thoracic vertebra, mid-body of the third thoracic vertebra, and 1 cm cranial to the carina were 9.12, 8.96, 9.34, 9.88 and 10.16 mm, respectively. The widths at these same sites were 12.26, 10.42, 10.07, 9.82 and 10.23 mm, respectively. The width-to-height ratios of each tracheal location were 1.38, 1.20, 1.10, 1.01 and 1.03, the last two of which are consistent with the circular shape of the intrathoracic trachea. Multi-detector computed tomography under non-general anaesthesia is a non-invasive and unparalleled imaging tool for describing tracheal appearance in healthy awake dogs.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that causes abortions, infertility and mastitis in cattle. This research was aimed at investigating the temporal and spatial pattern, sex, age, breed wise distribution of leptospirosis in Tamil Nadu. A seroreactivity of 28.2% was noticed among cattle in seven agro-climatic zones. The temporal trend of leptospirosis recorded during the post-monsoon season (30.5%) was significant when compared to the pre-monsoon season (25.8%). The spatial distribution revealed a high proportion of leptospirosis (31.2%) in the North East zone in comparison with the other zones. The serogroups Australis (37.9%), Hebdomadis (30.6%), Hardjo (29.9%), Javanica (28.1%) and Pomona (19.7%) were predominant in all the agro-climatic zones. The observation of 44.2% seroreactivity in buffaloes is most probably associated with the wallowing behaviour. A high seroreactivity of 31.1% in Holstein Friesian than that compared with the native breed discloses a breed susceptibility. A seroreactivity of 30.2% in animals aged above three years shows an age-related susceptibility, but there was no significant difference between the sexes. The seroreactivity among the animals in an organised farm (33.8%) is higher than in individually reared animals (25.5%) indicating the impact of the rearing system. The three Leptospira strains isolated were identified as the Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis, Canicola and Sejroe. This study depicted the epidemiology of leptospirosis in cattle and emphasises the need of leptospirosis to be included in cattle health surveillance programmes.

Haematological indicators may resent physiological variation by age. Vitamin B12 promotes haematopoiesis. The aims of this study were: 1) to compare the values of the haematological variables and the concentration of vitamin B12 in pre- or post-weaned veal calves and 2) to identify the possible association between the values of the haematological variables and the concentration of B12 in the blood of veal calves. Blood was collected on the same day from 31 pre-weaned and 31 weaned calves of the Limousine breed from the same farm. The complete blood count, including the blood cell morphology evaluation, was performed and the serum B12, total protein and albumin concentrations were determined. The serum concentration of vitamin B12, the haematocrit (HCT), the haemoglobin concentration (HGB), the platelet count and the lymphocyte count were significantly higher in the weaned calves. A very strong positive correlation was found between the concentration of the vitamin B12 and HCT and HGB before weaning, while these correlations were moderately positive following weaning and in the total population tested as well. The observed variation in the blood cell count and morphology, such as poikilocytosis and the presence of macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils, along with the age of the animal seem to be related to the vitamin B12 concentration.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) cause excess fat accumulation, which leads to fertility dysfunction in broilers. The study investigated alterations in the morphology and morphometry of the testes of broilers in response to GC and dexamethasone (DEX). Male day-old chicks were randomly divided into a control group and three experimental groups (E1, E2, and E3). The control group was fed a commercial broiler ration. The experimental groups were fed a commercial broiler ration containing GC (i.e. DEX 3, 5, and 7 mg/kg, respectively). The testes were collected and stained with haematoxylin and eosin to count the number of testicular seminiferous tubules. An increase in the seminiferous tubule count was initially seen, which declined as both the age of the broilers and the dose of DEX increased. Morphometric measurements, i.e., the testicular capsule thickness, seminiferous tubule diameter, and seminiferous epithelium height, were performed. The initial thickening of the testicular capsule was evident. There was a depletion of the interstitial (Leydig) cell population in the experimental groups with the age and increased with the dose advancement. The diameter of the seminiferous tubules and testicular capsule thickness remained upregulated in the treatment groups with the increased dose of DEX. The initial height of the seminiferous epithelium increased in the experimental groups of broilers. The study suggests that DEX greatly alters the morphological architecture of broiler testes; as a result, it could be said that DEX has the effect on the infertility of the broiler by affecting the morphology as well as the functionality of the testes.

Sodium chloride is widely used in aquaculture due to its antiparasitic effects and its ability to reduce stress during fish transport and manipulation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of short-term exposure to sodium chloride for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). In our experiment, fish were placed into a sodium chloride bath (c = 30 g l^-1; T = 30 min; t = 20 °C) and the effects of the treatment were assessed immediately after the bath (T0) and 24, 48 and 240 h later (T24, T48 and T240, respectively), with non-treated fish serving as control groups. Though significant differences compared to the controls were observed in the treated fish sampled at T0, T24 and T48, these effects were only temporary and all the affected parameters (i.e., haemoglobin, haematocrit, plasmatic lactate, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, phosphorus and ceruloplasmin) had completely recovered within 10 days of exposure, suggesting that the treatment of carp with a sodium chloride bath represents a safe approach suitable for therapy of parasitic infections.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3, are known to yield health benefits to mammals, including bulls and human beings. This meta-analysis was done to determine the influence of omega-3 fatty acids (OMFA) on bull semen quality. The research question formulated for this meta-analysis was centred on the Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome (PICO) framework. To determine the influence of omega-3 fatty acids on semen quality, a meta-analysis was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The different effects were analysed using a random effects model. The variations among the included studies were tested using heterogeneity (I²). Semen volume (MD = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.13; 0.44), sperm concentration (MD = 71.12, 95% CI: 15.97; 126.26), live sperm (MD = 11.93; 95% CI: 7.30; 16.55), sperm motility (MD = 9.24, 95% CI: 7.39; 11.09) and plasma membrane integrity (MD = 11.60, 95% CI: 6.30; 16.89) increased dramatically in the omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented group. Notably, the progressive motility (MD = 1.19, 95% CI: –3.24; 5.61) was the only sperm parameter showing a non-significant influence when omega-3 fatty acids were supplemented. It was then concluded that the omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can be used to improve most of the semen parameters in bulls.

Nutraceuticals are food ingredients that provide extra health advantages that expand above their nutritional value. Nutraceuticals comprise amino acids, antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, enzymes, organic acids, fatty acids, medicinal plants, etc. Recently, nutraceuticals have acquired much attention in poultry industry by reason of their potential effects on establishing the normal physiological status, supporting the immune system, and disease prevention, which consequently enhances productivity. The technique of in ovo feeding (IOF) of nutraceuticals holds several promises in poultry industry. The vital benefits of IOF of nutraceuticals are enhancement of intestinal development, establishment of a balanced microbial population in the gut, support of intestinal physiology and health. Interestingly, IOF of nutraceuticals participates in improving the antioxidative properties and energizing the immune system, which thereby translated into greater performance and bigger resistance to diseases, especially in early life challenges. The current review attempts to throw more light on the fresh results associated with the profits of IOF of nutraceuticals on intestinal histomorphology, intestinal microbiota, antioxidative properties, immune responsiveness, hatchability, chick quality, and growth performance in poultry.

Drought stress is among the significant forms of abiotic stresses that unfavourably affects maize survival as well as the development from germination to maturity. This paper, therefore, reviewed drought stress effects in maize plants and expatiated on the plausible adoptable mitigation measures to employ in curbing these effects as well. Water shortage prompts drought stress that alters the morphological, physiological and biochemical activities in maize plants. The major drought stress implications on the plant’s survival are mostly in the area of altered metabolic functions, including nutrient metabolism, cell membrane integrity, water relationships, plant yield, photosynthetic processes, osmotic adjustment, and the pigment content. Mitigating strategies, such as the breeding of drought-tolerant varieties, genomic applications for drought tolerance enhancement in maize plants, as well as the use of rhizobacteria and endophytic bacteria, can be employed in alleviating drought stress and ensuring optimal maize productivity.

The Ellenberg quotient (EQ) is a climate index defined as a ratio of the hottest month's temperature and the average annual precipitation sum. The quotient indirectly expresses the relationship between climate and vegetation, and its application is related to the ecological niche of Fagus sp. Although the quotient was curated on the grounds of field research primarily on German vegetation, the possibilities of its utilisation are not limited to the Central European region. The objective of this study is (i) to compare the EQ values calculated for the forest vegetation zones in the Czech Republic with the published data using the ecological niche of Fagus sylvatica; and (ii) to compare the new EQ-based vertical model with field empirical mapping. The study area is the Czech Republic, Central Europe. We used climate data from 1970–2000 and the data of the National Forest Inventory, 2^nd cycle (2011–2015), representing an objective data design. Geospatial analytic methods, machine learning (boosting), and verification through statistical testing were performed. The results indicate higher EQ values between the two most substantial spatial frames – the Hercynicum and Carpaticum regions. By comparing empirical mapped units to their climatic potential (in the EQ), a match was found only within the Carpaticum region. The study presents a concretisation of the general climate index for a specific region, adds to the knowledge about the Fagus ecological niche in context with the Central European vegetation, and also points to the EQ's potential for evaluating the concept of vertical differentiation of forest communities, as well as a possible prediction tool for the vegetation migration in context with climate change.

We investigated the phenotypic and genetic diversity among 25 grapevine accessions of white grape maintained in a germplasm collection ex situ. The selected varieties were characterised using standardised ampelographic descriptors and microsatellite markers to obtaintheir complete description. The ampelographic analysis based on 24 OIV descriptors and the obtained first dendrogram based on common features, revealed the extent of the phenotypic diversity ranging from 0.29 (between Coarnă albă and Chardonnay) to 0.92 (between Crâmpoşie and Cioinic), without any connection with their supposed origin or the current geographic area of distribution. The SSR allelic analysis with nine standard markers proved and confirmed its high discrimination potential for genotype identification and diversity. The second cluster analysis aimed to evaluate the genetic relationships among analysed accessions,based on Dice’s similarity coefficient, revealed two groups of varieties: the first group (A) included twelve accessions with a degree of similarity between 0.37 and 0.5. The second (B) included eleven accessions, with a similarity degree between 0.33 and 0.67. The genotypic cluster analysis showed a distinct lower similarity between the Majarcă albă variety and all the varieties from the first group, and between Busuioacă de Bohotin and all the analysed varieties. The phenotypic and genetic matrices and dendrograms, although not correlated, were complimentary and provided valuable information about the diversity of the grapevine genotypes and the identification of the synonyms.