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The paper deals with historical development of floodplain forests in the area of Vrapač National Nature Reserve in the floodplain of the Morava River (Protected Landscape Area Litovelské Pomoraví, Czech Republic). The aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the anthropogenic influences that have over centuries led to the present state of floodplain forests in the study area. Thus, it will be possible to define more efficiently the management plan of this floodplain forest ecosystem.

This scientific paper shows the partial results of the research project GAČR 402/05/2697, focussing on the analysis of a questionnaire survey and the creation of strategic thinking models of decision making. The partial analysis of the questionnaire survey results was used for designing the basic structure of the required dependencies in the form of a decision tree. On the basis of the tree, requirements for designing the system of strategic thinking models were deduced. These requirements are reflected in the functional model, the data model and in the status diagram. These models will present an instrument suitable for supporting strategic decision making.

The paper addresses the LEADER approach in the Czech Republic. Using documentary research and content analysis of the appropriate documents and the Local Action Groups information sheets, the paper firstly outlines the evolution of the LEADER approach in the Czech Republic (the paper points out the difference in understanding LEADER in the EU /focusing on capacity building and the use of intangible forms of capital/ and in the Czech Republic EU /focusing on investments/). The paper also analyses the participation of farmers and the farming related actors in the LEADER approach (approx. 30% of local action groups are composed by those actors, however, they mostly do not aim /similarly like non-farming actors/ at developing partnership but want to achieve the investments into production; that is why the Czech local action groups are rather quasi-partnerships; it is also reflected in a very low number of strategies aiming at the "adding value to local products" which is the closest to farmers /but it is the less opted theme: only 6% of projects/). The paper ends with the analysis of projects implemented under the LEADER scheme where the farmers participate. It shows that more than the integrated strategies, the Czech local action groups prefer the strategies of the multi-sector type. The paper also points out that the publicly available information about the activities of the local action groups is not sufficient, although the groups are funded from the public budgets. This fact makes the analysis more difficult as for the scientific merit but also contradicts the principles of democratic governance.

The evaluation of the effect of the stage of lactation on milk composition, its properties and the quality of rennet curdling was carried out over the period of three successive years using milk samples (n = 162) obtained from a total of 27 ewes of the East Friesian (EF) breed, reared on a small sheep farm in Juřinka in the region of Wallachia. The stage of lactation had a highly significant effect on the contents of all milk components. However, only the contents of total solids (TS), solids non-fat (SNF), fat (F), protein (P) and casein (CN) gradually increased with the advancement of lactation. The stage of lactation also had a highly significant effect both on all the properties of milk and the rennet curdling quality (RCQ). All phenotypic correlations between the particular contents of TS, SNF, F, P, CN and urea nitrogen (UN) were positive and high (P ≤ 0.001). On the other hand, all phenotypic correlations between milk yield and particular contents of TS, SNF, F, P, CN and UN were negative and high (P ≤ 0.001). The majority of phenotypic correlations between rennet clotting time (RCT) and the other particular parameters was insignificant. However, the phenotypic correlations between lactose (L) and RCT and between pH and RCT were positive and high (P ≤ 0.001) whereas the phenotypic correlation between titratable acidity (TA) and RCT was negative and high (P ≤ 0.001). The majority of phenotypic correlations between the rennet curdling quality (RCQ) and the other particular parameters was insignificant. Nevertheless, the phenotypic correlations between pH and RCQ and between RCT and RCQ were positive and high (P ≤ 0.001) whereas the phenotypic correlation between TA and RCQ was negative and high (P ≤ 0.001).

The frequent presence of rye translocation 1B/1R in common wheat is well known as well as its unfavourable effect on bread-making quality. These translocated materials make up more than one tenth of all wheat varieties registered in the Czech Republic and due to their lower technological value they are predominately used for livestock feeding in spite of the lack of information about their desirability for monogastric animals. Our study was aimed at a general effect of 1B/1R translocation, including other grain characteristics in model feeding tests with laboratory rats. Triennial evaluation of selected chemical and technological characteristics of winter wheat grain, including feeding characteristics in the model set of 18 DH lines with/without 1B/1R translocation, confirmed a highly significant effect of year on evaluated parameters. Wheat lines with the presence of 1B/1R translocation showed a significantly higher value of relative viscosity, crude protein content and higher proportion of the albumin + globulin fraction. This was manifested negatively in the technological characteristics of the gluten index (GI) and the Zeleny sedimentation test of these wheat lines. Detected values of relative viscosity, grain hardness (PSI) and albumin-globulin fraction were significantly influenced by the genotype of the wheat line. The relationships of evaluated grain characteristics to the results of feeding test were not unequivocal. The presence of 1B/1R translocation significantly decreased the values of balance in these characters: net protein utilization (NPU) and biological value of proteins (BV), however the effect of the 1B/1R translocation on protein efficiency ratio (PER) was not confirmed. Correlation analyses showed low mutual relationships among the parameters of balance and growth tests. A lower but significant positive correlation of the albumin + globulin fraction and a negative correlation of storage proteins with growth parameter PER were also observed. It is possible to summarize that individual relation between albumins + globulins and gluten protein composition of grains influenced the values of PER more significantly than the presence of 1B/1R translocation.

In this study, the circulus arteriosus cerebri of the squirrel was investigated. Ten squirrel were used. Coloured latex was given from left ventriculi of the all squirrels. Circulus arteriosus cerebri was examined after the dissection was made. The basilar artery was formed by merge of the right and left vertebral artery. The caudal communicans artery which was caudal part of circulus arteriosus cerebri was formed by the basilar artery on sulcus pontocrurale. From caudal to cranial, the branches originated from the basilar artery and circulus arteriosus cerebri to cerebrum and cerebellum were as follows: the caudal cerebelli artery,rami ad pontem, the rostral cerebelli artery, the caudal choroidea artery, the caudal cerebral artery, the internal ophtalmic artery, the rostral choroidea artery, the media cerebral artery, rami striati and the rostral cerebral artery. In squirrels a variability was observed in the branches that the rostral cerebral artery gives, and their endings. It was determined that the internal carotid artery didn't exist in 4 animals when the right and left vertebral artery were ligatured. It was found that the internal carotid artery didn't contribute to the arterial blood to circulus arteriosus cerebri and the arterial blood to circulus arteriosus cerebri of squirrels is provided via only the basilar artery.

Zemspol, Dešná, Ltd is a large corporation engaged in various aspects of agriculture in the Czech Republic, including agricultural production, the assembly, maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery, the production of feed stuffs and feed mixtures,special agricultural services demanding special entitlement, business related matters and accounting. This paper focuses on agricultural production. The farm manages 2 100 hectares of agricultural land suitable for growing potatoes, although the largest area is used for growing wheat. The range of produce remains constant. Regarding livestock, the corporation specializes in cattle with the steady head count 250 for the past 15 years. These are predominantly red and white cattle, optimized for both milk and meat production. The average annual production is 1 350 000 litres of milk and 250 tons of beef. The agricultural farm can be described as being a strong perfomer with a very stable base, good reputation and very attractive products, both of crops and livestock. In order to keep this enviable status, frequent internal and external environmental analyses are undertaken.

The image of a shop is the perception of the attributes of trade chains which are stated by consumers or the target market. The part of the shop image can be the assortment, the production quality and price, services of the shop, organization, the location and atmosphere of the shop, advertising and the shop reputation. The basis for conceiving this paper was an assumption that the image of a shop is one of the determining factors of the shopping place choice. The individual attributes of a shop can affect the perception of a consumer and therefore affect his decision about the choice of a shop and buying goods. The image analysis of trade chains was processed on the basis of a 5-point scale which shows the respondents' attitude toward each and every of 29 attributes of the researched trade chains. The basic data were gained by the means of a questionnaire research in the field of Slovak consumers' behaviour and the results were analysed by the means of the semantic differential method. The shop image analysis hands out information which can be a starting point for understanding the importance of the attributes of the trade chains from the point of view of the consumer perception and attitude. Based on the image analysis of the foreign trade chains in the Slovak market, we can say that the consumers are satisfied with the opening hours, shops location, cleanliness and appearance of shops and the sufficient number of shopping trolleys. Minuses were noticed in the field of promotion activities and the waiting time at the registers.

A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2002 in North-East Poland. Each year three sulphur fertilization rates in the form of sulphate (S- SO₄^2-) and pure sulphur (S-S⁰) were applied: 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha. The most beneficial effect on the yields of cabbage, onion and barley was produced by the rates of 40 and 80 kg S/ha, while the dose of 120 kg S/ha (especially when applied as S-SO₄^2-) reduced the yields of these crops. Increasing rates of sulphur used as a fertilizer caused increased concentration of sulphates in plants up to their luxury accumulation. Irrespective of the test crop species or form of sulphur applied, once the crops terminated their vegetative season, the plants fertilized with sulphur typically contained more total N than those fertilized only with NPK. The S-SO₄^2- fertilization tended to raise the accumulation of N-NO₃^- in the crops, especially during the juvenile phase. The application of 120 kg S-SO₄^2-) /kg caused depressed amounts of potassium in cabbage, onion and in barley during the heading phase.

The resistance of Chinese asters to Fusarium wilt was tested by artificially inoculating the root systems. A mixture of Fusarium isolates was prepared with a concentration of about 10⁴-10⁹ propagules per litre of the pathogen. 63 cultivars of both domestic and foreign origin were evaluated in the 1^st year, 95 in the 2^nd year and 89 in the 3^rd year. Clear, statistically valid differences in mortality, both with experiments involving artificial inoculations and considering natural infections, make it possible to divide aster varieties into three groups based in their resistance to infections. The first set can be described as resistant. This includes the Matsumoto, Einf. Madeleine and Americká kráska series, and several others. The second set can be described as being moderately resistant. This includes the Chryzantémokvěté and Standy series, and the cultivars Matsumoto Pink, Princes Armida and Jitka. The third set can be described as sensitive. This includes the Průhonický trpaslík, Jehlicovité and Pastel series and several others. A statistical analysis of the results shows that the Einf. Madeleine series of cultivars is the most resistant to Fusarium wilt. This series is phenotypically similar to the original botanical species. Resistance was evaluated by recording the differences in mortality rates between artificially-inoculated plants and non-inoculated group (controls).

The role of the water movement and retention during extreme runoff formation was demonstrated in the Modrý Důl catchment (Krkonoše Mts., Czech Republic). A cyclone, which moved from Hungary to Poland, caused an extreme rainfall (120 mm) and subsequent extreme runoff in August, 2002. The precipitation, discharge, air and soil temperatures, tensiometric pressure, and soil moisture were recorded. The maximum retention capacity of the catchment was evaluated (70 mm). Depending on the actual retention capacity and the precipitation amount, two situations were recorded: (1) the precipitation amount lower than the actual retention capacity where the precipitation was fully absorbed in the catchment and the discharge in to the stream was not influenced by rain, (2) the precipitation amount higher than the actual retention capacity where the precipitation caused a saturation excess of the soil profile, generating extreme outflow into the stream. Neither the soil cover in the catchment or fluvial deposits along the Modrý potok stream were able to retain the extreme rain and inhibit the catastrophic flood.

The study analyses the growth of beech seedling fine roots and their development in the first five years. The research plots were established in 1997-2003 in community forests of Starý Plzenec (Western Bohemia, Czech Republic). The data are based on annual reviews of beech samplings extracted from surveyed plots. The whole root volume as well as the fine root volume is significantly (on a 95% significance level) growing during the first years after outplanting and there is not any disruption of growth immediately after outplanting.

Spirocerca lupi is accepted in Veterinary Medicine as the cause of true malignancies in dogs. Aortic lesions and esophageal nodular granulomas are pathological lesions of spirocercosis that are considered to be pathognomic for this disease. Post mortem and histopathological studies of 105 stray dogs both male and female of different age groups from various residential areas were performed and their esophagus were examined for any lesions and helminthic parasites. Twenty dogs (19.04%) were infected with S. lupi. The infection rate was significantly higher in dogs greater than one year old (23.5%) and in western areas (36.4%) with similar prevalence rate in males and females. At histopathologic level, two isolate but closely related fibrosarcoma masses were situated at the distal portion of the thoracic esophagus of one dog and in the site of junction of esophagus and stomach of another one. Metastasis were observed in the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes of one of the dogs. Despite presence of large population of stray dogs little information is available about S. lupi in this country, so this study was undertaken to obtain an overall picture of this infection in stray dogs of Shiraz area, southern Iran.

The main aim of the article is to understand the influence of factors biasing purchase decisions connected with measurement of consumers' involvement. Consumption expenditures are purposefully subdivided according to the classification made by the Statistical Office of the European Communities. The performed survey showed that the most important factors biasing purchases of all commodity groups are products' characteristics and the perceived quality. Together with these goes the factor price, nevertheless for example for the commodity group health price did not appear in the scale of the perceived importance at all. Factor necessity of need proved to be significant for decision making about the purchase of all commodities with the exception of alcoholic drinks and tobacco and recreation. Former experience compared to that is not crucial for clothing and footwear and housing equipment and contents. For alcoholic drinks and tobacco, there has notably approved also the factor brand. These analyses enable disclosure of rules of consumer decision making and thereby definition which factors for individual commodities should be targeted by the help of the marketing doyens or where the gradual changes should be achieved.

White wines of Debina cultivar were made from musts clarified by flotation using nitrogen as foaming agent. Flotation using air as the foaming agent (must hyperoxidation), without SO₂ addition, was also applied. Turbidity and suspended solids were lower in must clarified by flotation using nitrogen than in that clarified by sedimentation (control). Flotation with hyperoxidation led to a reduction of must phenolics. All experimental wines exhibited similar gross compositions (alcohol, reducing sugars, total acidity, and volatile acidity). Wines made from musts clarified by flotation using nitrogen had similar total phenolic content, browning capacity, and organoleptic quality as the control wines. Wines made from musts clarified by flotation using air had lower total phenolic contents and browning capacity than were those in control wines. These wines were of well acceptable quality but exhibited a slightly oxidised aftertaste. The results indicate that flotation using nitrogen can be effective in the production of typical Debina wine, while flotation using air may be useful in that of table wine without SO₂ addition. Orange juice was clarified by flotation using nitrogen or air as the foaming agent. Orange juice clarified by flotation using nitrogen as the foaming agent exhibited lower turbidity and a similar pulp content to that clarified by centrifugal separator (control). It had an acceptable taste and aroma. Juice clarified by flotation using air as the foaming agent, along with pectolytic enzyme treatment, exhibited much lower turbidity and pulp content compared to control. The clear juice had an acceptable taste but no aroma. The fermented clear juice was averagely rated, exhibiting a pleasant aroma and only a slightly bitter taste. The results indicate that flotation using nitrogen can be effective in the production of natural orange juice, while flotation using air may be useful in the production of orange drink.

Crop yields are reduced by 70-80% due to a water stress situation specifically during the reproductive stage and are not able to fulfil the needs of food requirement in developed and developing countries of the world. Earlier work was mainly focused on the use of morphological or physiological and molecular aspects for improved stress tolerance. Efforts are being made to overcome this problem with the help of today's sophisticated and advanced technology through genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The presented model summarizes our work in the last five years to mine anatomical parameters as a novel approach to further improving introgression or exploitation of stress adaptive traits. We have focused on some key anatomical traits playing a substantial role in water stress tolerance. This new conceptual model encompasses increased palisade mesophyll height, higher leaf strength index (LSI), higher number of conducting tissues with increased diameter in leaf, stem and root and controlled transpiration rate due to a lower number of stomata per unit leaf area along with the increased guard cell size. Different plants viz. Lycopersicon esculentum, Capsicum annuum, and Calotropis gigantea were screened by developing polyploids to validate this model approach. Genotypes of Vitis vinifera and Solanum melongena were also screened. Wild relatives like Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme and Solanum khasianum were evaluated for comparison. These observations were further correlated with various stress adaptation traits like yield under stress, in vitro screening, chlorophyll content, transpiration heating and cooling, molecular markers etc. A new scoring method is proposed which will be helpful to screen a large set of germplasms on a preliminary basis to discriminate genotypes for drought tolerance. There is an urgent need to study the genetics of these stress adaptive traits using high throughput molecular markers to make them more useful for a higher magnitude of genetic gain.

Fifteen sweet cherry cultivars and three rootstocks were evaluated within three years in two experimental orchards established in the same location in the autumn 2004. In one of them drip irrigation was applied in the periods of insufficient rainfall, i.e. from mid-April to mid-August. This irrigation distinctly increased the vigour of trees that was jointly expressed by trunk-cross-section area, total length of shoots and canopy volume. An increase of tree vigour was the greatest in trees on Mazzard, medium on P-HL-C and the lowest on Gisela 5 rootstocks. The trees on P-HL-C that grew without irrigation similarly as the trees on Gisela 5 grew significantly more vigorously when irrigation was applied. Considerable differences in the response to irrigation were also found among cultivars; it increased the vigour of Halka, Sylvana, Aranka and Burlat more distinctly, whereas the least response to irrigation was recorded in the Horka, Jacinta and Justyna cultivars. The vigour of Regina, Tim and Vanda cultivars grown on P-HL-C rootstock was more extensively increased by irrigation than if they grew on Gisela 5. Flower and fruit sets of irrigated trees were with a few exceptions significantly lower than those of trees without irrigation. Tamara, Sandra and Regina were the most vigorous cultivars in this study, whereas Tim and Skeena had the weakest tree growth. Practical aspects of these findings are briefly discussed.

Soil and water salinization are affecting an increasing number of countries in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, and cause sensible reductions of agricultural land extension and of crop yields. Consociation with halophytic plants is a promising but not yet widely investigated strategy of salt stress reduction in crops. In this experiment, tomato plants were cultivated in saline conditions, alone and in consociation with three different halophytic species (Portulaca oleracea L.; Salsola soda L.; Atriplex hortensis L.). The salinity was brought either by the soil or by the irrigation water. Consociation with P. oleracea gave the best results in terms of increase of tomato growth and yields, while S. soda caused excessive nutritional competition against tomato due to its fast growth, undoing the positive effects of saline ions uptake. A. hortensis gave intermediate results. Salinity of water resulted in causing more severe stress on the plants, and consequently highlighted more the benefical effect of salt uptake performed by the halophytes on the main crop; salinity of soil on the contrary appeared to be less decisive, probably due to the leaching effect of the irrigation water.

The formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) released from its esters with higher fatty acids was studied using the recognised precursors of 3-MCPD (tripalmitin, 1,3-dipalmitin, 1-monopalmitin and soybean oil) in the presence of sodium chloride. The precursors were reacted with sodium chloride in an emulsion stabilised with an emulsifier under conditions which modelled the thermal treatment of foods during processing. The highest amount of bound 3-MCPD (released from its esters) was formed from 1-monopalmitin followed by 1,3-dipalmitin, whereas tripalmitin and soybean oil yielded the lowest levels of bound 3-MCPD. Four sets of experiments were then carried out aimed at monitoring the influence of various factors (soybean oil amount, NaCl content, water content, and temperature) on the yield of bound 3-MCPD. The formation of bound 3-MCPD was directly proportional to the concentration of either oil or NaCl. The highest amount of bound 3-MCPD was formed in media containing approximately 20% water. The amount of bound 3-MCPD decreased with increasing temperature over the range 100-230°C and reached its highest value at 100°C. Models with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-chloropropane-1,2-diol showed that the decomposition rate of this ester rapidly increased with increasing temperature over the range 100-230°C being the lowest at 100°C and the highest at 230°C.

Changes in the zinc content in the meadow sward were studied in a long-term fertiliser experiment set up on a mountain meadow (20°54'E, 49°24'N) in 1968. The experiment is localized at 720 meters above sea level on the soil which belongs to Dystric Cambisols and comprises 8 fertiliser treatments in two series: 0Ca and + Ca (Table 1). In the course of the experiment the Zn content in the sward decreased and the time factor was of greater consequence than fertilization, P content in the sward or soil and acidification. In mountain meadow communities shaped by a long-term (over 30 years) NPK treatment and at yields between 6.7 and 7.1 t/ha the annual quantity of absorbed Zn ranged between 233 and 256 g Zn/ha dry weight. During the experimental period the biggest amount of Zn removed with the sward yield exceeded 500 g Zn/ha annually. In the limed series at slightly bigger yields the quantity of Zn removed with the yield was over 10% lower in objects receiving NPK fertilization than on the same treatments in the unlimed series. Liming is able to reduce soil Zn abundance.

This review article gives a survey of principal pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of the proteinogenic amino acids of the glutamic acid group (glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, arginine) and aspartic acid group (aspartic acid, asparagine, threonine, methionine, lysine, isoleucine) starting with oxaloacetic acid from the citric acid cycle. There is an extensive use of reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved and detailed explanations using sound chemical principles and mechanisms.

The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and inexpensive method for the determination of methylmercury in fish tissues based on GC/ECD instrumentation. The new method is based on acidic digestion in hydrochloric acid and subsequent extraction with toluene. Methylmercury is determined by the GC/ECD technique using a DB-608 capillary column. The following parameters of the method were established: detection limit 13 μg/kg, limit of quantification 22 μg/kg, linearity 0.2-200 ng/ml, reproducibility 9.4%, and recovery 90%. The method was developed and verified using CRM 464 reference material and was successfully tested in inter-laboratory comparisons IMEP - 20 "Trace elements in tuna fish" organised by the Joint Research Centre - Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (Belgium), with the success rate of E_n=0.43.

Sensory profiles of saccharin, acesulfame K, aspartame, and neotame were compared with that of sucrose in three different types of water (tap water, commerical Crystalis water, and distilled water) under the conditions of the respective ISO standards. The intensities of off-flavours, especially bitter and metallic tastes, were higher in the solutions of synthetic sweeteners than in that of sucrose. The aspartame solution was the sample closest to the sucrose solution, and the intensity of off-flavours was significantly higher in acesulfame solution. Ratings of the bitter taste were related to those of the metallic taste, the relation being semilogarithmic. The performancies of different assessors were nearly the same in all ratings, and the absolute values of the ratings of sweetness and different off-flavours had the same repeatabilities. The relative accuracy was, naturally, much higher in off-flavours than in the case of sweetness.

Of about 100 Lactuca species, there are only 22 represented in world gene bank collections. The description of morphological and other important features of wild lettuce accessions and a correct taxonomic ranging increase their potential successful utilization. A broad study of 22 wild Lactuca species, their morphology, anatomy, karyology, DNA content and isozyme variation, and a search of large number of literature sources (description keys, floras, monographs) provided a base for an elaboration of a descriptor set. This set consists of 88 descriptors and 24 of them are elucidated by figures. It provides a tool for Lactuca species characterization and determination and for a discrimination of an infraspecific variation. Obtained data can be used for description of wild Lactuca genetic resources and also for research purposes.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and phytoestrogens were found to affect contractions of bovine uterus. Prostaglandins (PG) F_2á and E₂ are also involved in the uterine contractility. Hence the aim of these studies was to investigate the effect of PCBs and some phytoestrogens on PG secretion from endometrial cells obtained on days 1-5 of the oestrous cycle. Cells were incubated in aerated atmosphere at 38°C for 24 h, separately with the mixture of PCBs - Aroclor 1248 (10 ng/ml), with individual congeners -77, -126 or -153 (each at the dose 100 g/ml), coumestrol, daidzein or genistein (each at the dose 10^-6M) or jointly each PCB with each of the phytoestrogens. Using the TOX1-kit neither Aroclor 1248 (Ar 1248) nor individual congeners were found to affect the viability of cells compared to the control (P > 0.05). All used PCBs markedly increased the metabolite of PGF_2á(PGFM) concentrations (P < 0.05) but not PGE₂ (P > 0.05). Hence the ratio of PGF_2á to PGE₂ was also increased by PCBs. However, when these cells were incubated with each of the phytoestrogens, there was a decrease in both PGF_2á and PGE₂ secretion compared to the control (P < 0.05) but without altering the PGF_2á : PGE₂ ratio. Moreover, phytoestrogens could clearly reduce the concentrations of PGFM elicited by PCBs, and they reduced PGE₂ secretion compared to that evoked by PCB-126 and -153 only. Thus phytoestrogens can restore the proper ratio of PGF_2á : PGE₂ secreted by the bovine endometrium.

This review article gives a brief survey of the principal pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of the most important non-protein amino acids occurring in foods and feeds. These amino acids have been divided into the following groups: 3-amino acids and 4-amino acids, N-substituted amino acids, alicyclic amino acids, hydroxyamino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, basic amino acids, and taurine.

This review article gives a survey of the principal biosynthetic pathways that lead to the most important food glycerolipids, i.e. triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, and glyceroglycolipids as reported in recently published papers. Glycerophospholipids are further subdivided to phosphatides, lysophosphatides, and plasmalogens. The subdivision of the topics is predominantly via biosynthesis. Reaction schemes, sequences, and mechanisms with the enzymes involved are extensively used as well as detailed explanations based on chemical principles and mechanisms.

The correlations between longevity, functional longevity, stayability and selected milk, reproductive and type traits were estimated; it was done on the basis of estimated breeding values for longevity, functional longevity, dairy traits, reproductive traits and stayability rates at the age of 60, 72, 84, and 96 months. The correlation between breeding values for longevity and functional longevity was 0.69. The correlations between longevity and stayability at 60, 72, 84, and 96 months of age were around 0.75 (from 0.73 to 0.76) whereas the correlation with stayability at 48 months was considerably lower (0.64). The breeding values for dairy traits showed a positive relationship with longevity (from 0.37 to 0.46) and a slightly negative correlation with breeding values for functional longevity (from -0.10 to -0.20). A low relationship was found between longevity and reproductive traits. Between the type traits and longevity traits only the conformation score for the form (0.18) and for the udder showed a positive correlation (0.24). The correlation between the form and functional longevity remained approximately on the same level whereas the correlation with the main udder score decreased to 0.08, which indicated a positive relationship between milk traits and udder scores.

A PCR method previously developed for typing Mycobacterium avium was used to characterize the genetic diversity of M. avium strains isolated from swine (n = 90) and humans (n = 24). The strains were identified with IS901 PCR and IS1245 PCR: 38 strains were of IS901+ and IS1245+ genotype (M. avium subsp. avium) and 76 strains were of IS901- and IS1245+ genotype (M. avium subsp. hominissuis). All human isolates were IS901 negative. IS1245-IS1311 spacer typing was successfully accomplished for 59 isolates while 55 isolates gave no amplification signal. The isolates with negative typing results were additionally tested for the presence of IS1311 and all with the exception of one gave positive results. IS1245-IS1311 spacer typing failed in all IS901+ isolates as they yielded no bands. A high degree of heterogeneity among isolates was observed: 59 isolates demonstrated 43 different patterns comprising up to 6 bands.