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The population dynamics of the horse-chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimić. was investigated in 1997-2000. The mortality of wintering pupae and the rate of fungal infections were also examined. The mortality of the horse-chestnut leafminer was nearly 40% at the end of spring. The spectrum of fungi on examined dead pupae was as follows: Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viégas, Cladosporium herbarum (Persoon: Fries) Link, Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) de Vries, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Acremonium strictum W. Gams, Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenberg: Fries) Lind., Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) Ellis and Acremonium sp. 1. Verticillium lecanii was the only identified fungus with an entomophagous status. The fungus is, however, a well documented entomopathogen of Homoptera, particularly of aphids, scale insects and whiteflies in tropical and subtropical regions.

The article investigates the socio-economic importance of collection and use of non-wood forest products (NWFP) for inhabitants in the Czech Republic (CR) in 2005 and brings a comparison with former investigations and research projects. The research project consisted of these parts in 2005: 1. Analysis of hitherto performed research projects and their results in 1999-2003, 2. Investigation of quantities and values of NWFP collected in 2004 and 2005, 3. Specific investigation of socio-economic importance of NWFP collection and use. The results of respective investigations prove NWFP collection being quite important for the inhabitants of the CR. The importance consists in the material value of picked commodities on the average annual level higher than 3,000 mil. CZK. Nevertheless, collecting NWFP is considered as a very important recreational activity. Only a small part of the population collecting NWFP (about 12%) collects NWFP to save money.

At the end of nineties, within the mountain forests of the Krušné hory Mts., in connection with an increased acid deposition, the symptoms (yellowing) started to be visible, characterizing magnesium deficiency in the assimilation organs, when Mg contents were laying under 300 mg/kg. In mineral soil the Mg content is mostly less than 10 mg/kg. Contents of other basic elements (Ca, K) were also very low. During four years yellowing symptoms of the spruce stands have developed in an extent area of more that 10,000 ha. Since 1999, preventive measures have been adopted to improve the nutrition status of the forest stands. Liquid magnesium fertilizers as MgNsol, Lamag Mg, MgSsol were applied during the period of 1999-2002. Since 2001, in semi-operational experiment, powder Mg fertilizer - Silvamix F4 - of higher Mg content (63.3% MgO) was applied. Application of liquid fertilizer MgNsol has helped to compensate the nitrogen deficiency in the stands of insufficient nutrition in this element. Comparing of different types of liquid fertilizers has confirmed, that the highest increase of magnesium in assimilation organs was find in combined application of MgNsol and MgSsol fertilizers. Application of 300 kg/ha Silvamix F4 has increased the magnesium content in the first needle year class in 73% in average, potassium in 33%, calcium in 16%, and phosphorus in 85%. Besides increased nutrient content in needles also improvement of the health and phosphorus in 85%. Besides increased nutrient content in needles also improvement of the health state, i.e. revitalization of the stands affected can be observed.

A method based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) principle was validated for detecting cow's milk in goat and sheep cheeses. DNA was isolated from the cheeses using the isolation kit Invisorb Spin Food I by Invitek Co., designed for the samples of animal origin. The PCR method applied utilizes the sequence of the mitochondrial gene coding cytochrome b which is specific for mammals. It uses the common forward primer and the reverse primer species-specific. After electrophoresis, cow DNA was characterised by the fragment of the size of 274 bp, goat DNA by the fragment of 157 bp, and sheep DNA by the fragment of 331 bp. The detection limit of the PCR method described (1%) was determined with model samples made from pure goat cheese with a defined addition of cheese made from cow's milk. The method validated was applied in the analysis of 17 goat cheeses and 7 sheep cheeses obtained from retail trade. Products of Czech, Slovak, French, Dutch, and Italian origin were examined. The presence of undeclared cow's milk was detected in three kinds of goat cheese and in one of sheep cheese.

Based on NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) measurements carried out in a collection of 262 samples of winter oilseed rape with a different content of fatty acids (FA) in oil, calibration equations for the laboratory instrument Foss-NIRSystem 6500 were developed. Calibration was focused on the possibility of screening seed samples of different composition of oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) using NIRS analysis. The reference method was gas chromatography (GC). The content of FA in segregating F₂ generations after crossing between lines with different contents of FA and lines with standard content of FA in oil ranged from 32.3 to 82.0% for C18:1, 10.2-26.8% for C18:2 and 3.3-11.8% for C18:3. The verification of a validation equation in 50 randomly selected samples of F₂ generation in the year 2006 proved high correlation coefficients (r) between NIRS analysis and GC values, r = 0.86 for C18:1, r = 0.82 for C18:2 and r = 0.85 for C18:3. Non-destructive NIRS analysis enables rapid and reliable selection of materials with different composition of FA in the seed of oilseed rape (lines with desirable high content of C18:1 and low content of C18:3).

A 10-week-old, 4.5 kg female Weimaraner dog was referred to theChonbukNationalUniversity, Animal Medical Centre with signs of regurgitation after weaning. The cervical oesophagus was palpable as a flaccid, air-filled cavity. The thoracic radiographs revealed oesophageal dilatation cranial to the heart and constriction at the level of third rib. A presumptive diagnosis was made as persistent right aortic arch (PRAA). A left 4th intercostal thoracotomy was performed and the definitive diagnosis was made as PRAA with left ligamentum arteriosum (LA) and an aberrant left subclavian artery (SA). The oesophagus was found dually compressed and severely necrosed. The corrective surgery comprised of transection of the LA as well as resection and anastomosis of the oesophagus, which resulted in a complete alleviation of the clinical signs.

Molecular and immunological methods were applied for detecting the Ganoderma disease of coconut. Polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) raised against basidiocarp protein of Ganoderma were used. For the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, the primer generated from the internal transcribed spacer region one (ITS 1) of ribosomal DNA gene of Ganoderma, which produced a PCR product of 167 bp in size, was used. Apparently healthy palms in two coconut gardens were tested for Ganoderma disease by ELISA test using basidiocarp protein antiserum. Field trials were laid out in these early-diagnosed palms for the management of the disease. Based on the ELISA results, Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma viride with chitin amended treatments arrested the multiplication of the pathogen and within 6 months showed an optical density (OD) below the level of infected plants. Integrated Disease Management (IDM) and fungicide tridemorph treated palms showed OD values below infection level within 7 months, and T. harzianum and P. fluorescens + T. viride treated palms showed OD values below infection level in 8 months.

The aim of this study is to reveal the morphology of the lyssa in the cat and dog. Eight heads of adult healthy cats and eight heads of dogs of both sexes were used as materials. In the cat the lyssa, yellow coloured, had a helical appearance and its edge facing the oral cavity became sharp; in the dog the lyssa, pinkish white coloured, was more or less J-shaped. The whole body of the cat's lyssa was buried among the intrinsic lingual muscles. In the dog, although aboral, two thirds of the lyssa were squeezed among the intrinsic lingual muscles, its cranial third was placed just under the mucosa to protrude slightly into the oral cavity. In both species, the whole body of the lyssa was determined to have been formed by the nearly adipose tissue in which occasional striated muscles existed. Moreover, in the middle third of the dog's lyssa, dense striated muscle fibres were seen dorsally to the adipose tissue, and we also noticed with interest that the lyssa sheath embracing this part contained few muscle spindle-like structures. It was of interest that in the cat a pyramidal rod encircled by a fine capsule of connective tissue was attached to the ventral edge of the cranial third of the lyssa.

Twenty-four Czech dairy farms were visited to record lameness prevalence and to identify factors associated with high lameness prevalence at the farm level and/or increased lameness risk at the level of individual cows. All cows were checked for lameness and forty cows per farm were examined for overgrown claws, body dirtiness and skin lesions. The farm environment was scored between 1 (excellent) to 5 (very poor) in three different aspects: floor slipperiness, cow care quality, and housing quality. Data on hoof trimming schedules were obtained from farm managers. Lameness prevalence on farms was in a wide range from 6% to 42% (median 22%). At the farm level, floor slipperiness and poor animal care were associated with high lameness prevalence (Spearman correlations, P < 0.05), and the proportion of cows with overgrown claws tended to be associated with it (P < 0.10). The reported time schedules of hoof trimming (continuous trimming applied or not; and time elapsed since the whole herd was trimmed) were unrelated to either the prevalence of overgrown claws or the prevalence of lameness. Within farms, cows with overgrown claws and dirty cows were at an increased risk of being lame (multiple logistic regression, P < 0.05) and cows with skin lesions tended to be more lame (P < 0.10). The risk of lameness had an inverted U-shape dependence on age (P < 0.05), with cows at 7-8 years of age being the most endangered by lameness. We conclude that there is a large potential for lameness reduction on some Czech dairy farms through improving the cow care and reducing floor slipperiness, and that within farms, cows with overgrown claws and also dirty cows and cows with skin lesions should be given special attention since they are more likely to get lame.

In this study the change in amino acid profile in cow's colostrum and transient milk during the first week after parturition was examined in a Hungarian Charolais herd. Experiments were carried out with n = 37 Charolais cows in the same herd in the spring (March-April) of two consecutive years (Experiment 1: 2002, n = 15; and Experiment 2: 2003, n = 22). Colostrum and milk samples were taken by hand milking immediately after delivery, and in 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours post partum. Amino acid contents (%) in samples were measured in milk protein with an automatic amino acid analyser. Data were processed by the software of SPSS.10 statistical program package. In the postpartal period, among essential amino acids significant increases were recorded in methionine, isoleucine, lysine, and phenylalanine, and among non-essential amino acids glutamic acid and proline increased significantly. Simultaneous decreases were recorded in valine, cysteine, aspartic acid, serine, glycine, and arginine. Inconsistent figures were determined for histidine, leucine, tyrosine, and alanine content between Experiment 1 and Experiment 2.

Limited information is available regarding the source-sink alterations on soybean yield under whole plant light enriched conditions. The differential responses of yield components for two old and two new cultivars were investigated. The yield sensitivity of the old cultivars to the changes in source strength and light enriched conditions was much greater than that of the two new cultivars. The yield of the new cultivars was more likely sink-limited, and source-limited for the old cultivars. The increased yield by light enrichment was in part due to an increased branch contribution. Pod number per plant was more responsive than seed number per pod. The reduction in pod number by source-sink manipulation was more severe in the old cultivars. Light enrichment increased pod number in the two old cultivars but not in the two new cultivars. Seed size was responsive to changes in the source-sink ratio and changes in the environment. Both pod number or seed size may be increased or decreased if environmental conditions for seed filling are altered.

Field experiment demonstrated the benefit resulting from biological soil management including the use of N₂-fixing and growth promoting bacteria A. brasilense B-4485 for long-fibred flax. Seed inoculation by A. brasilense B-4485 was equivalent to the introduction of 15 kg/ha of N that provided the possibility of partial flax N requirement supply. Treatment A. brasilense + N₁₅P₆₀K₉₀ is considered to be the most profitable management in regard to flax yield and its quality, and is comparable to N₃₀P₆₀K₉₀ treatment. Biological management allows preventing high concentrations of N in soil, excludes lodging and negative effects on flax yield and its quality. Implementation of biological management for flax nutrition may be profitable for both ecology and economy of long-fibered flax growing.

Nowadays soils for vegetable growing are poor in humus because the possibility of using stable dung is limited. The application of Lignofert organic carbonaceous fertilizer made of ground lignite seems to be a solution. It is intended as a fertilizer for the field or greenhouse growing of vegetables, as a component to composts, soil substrates and likewise. Lignofert effects on the formation of lettuce yield, weight of heads and NaNO₃ content were studied in 2003 to 2005. Head lettuce grown in a greenhouse and in field conditions was a biological material. Average lettuce yields and average weight of heads in 2005 were statistically highly significantly higher in variants with Lignofert in comparison with the control variant grown in the greenhouse and in the field. The Lignofert effect on nitrate content in lettuce heads was not proved statistically.

Intangible issues, which are often very difficult to be quantified become more and more the field of interest of social sciences. There are many research works demonstrating that various types of knowledge, institutions, social networks, and social relations have a great influence on human activities as for efficient achievement of the actors' goals. This paper relates expert knowledge (shaping professional qualification) to human capital and tacit knowledge (understood as a broader, general, and contextual knowledge) to cultural capital. Both forms of capital exist in their primary form only in concrete individual persons. Concerning collective persons (firm, community), cultural and human capitals are transformed into intellectual capital. Work with specific knowledge, tacit knowledge and capitals corresponding to them shows the role of social networks and social capital in their organization. Using the analysis of two farms based on natural experiment, the paper demonstrates the role of tacit knowledge and cultural capital (opposing to the overestimated role of expert knowledge and human capital). The conclusions outline social determination of both types of knowledge through social networks and social capital needed for an efficient work of a farm.

This article presents some partial conclusions from the solution to the Research Project QF 4142 Higher exploitation of non-food production in the industry. The funding and supporting programmes of the growing of short rotation coppices (SRC) are described. The establishment of short rotation coppices and the subsequent exploitation of wood mass are promising trends of diversification of farmers' activities in the rural space. Plot sizes in ha and financial support to the establishment of the SRC plantations are given for 2001-2004, when a total of 166 ha of supported short rotation coppices was established. The establishment support is paid at a single installment while the amount paid for the establishment of the SRC production plantation is 60 000 CZK/ha and the amount paid for the establishment of mother plantation (reproduction plantation) is 75 000 CZK/ha.

Green areas and urban forests represent important factors of urbanized environment which attracts more and more attention of forest management and silviculture. Recreational load and its types are the most important driving variable for the management framework in which basic silvicultural methods should be applied. The problem of the required combination of natural and social limits is resolved by a matrix which takes into account forest ecosystem quality and recreation. The matrix defines 9 or 27 units (their number depends on the fact if we take into account the age of stand or not) for which basic management rules could be prepared. The basic rules concerning biological aspects are described in a general way in the article.

Results obtained during 14 years of the experiment are presented. Extreme site conditions are determined by: 8^th vegetation altitudinal zone, podzolic soil and hard climate - average annual temperature 4°C, average annual precipitation around 1,200 mm. Effects of surface experimental liming were studied on immission clear-cuts in long time period, study area is located on the Velká Deštná locality on the main Orlické hory Mts. range. Research plots were established and the basic survey was done in spring of 1988, studies of liming effects were performed in the period 1987-2002. On particular plots, 0, 1,308, 2,826, 3,924 and 8,478 kg/ha of fine limestone (grain size under 1 mm) was distributed by hands on the soil surface, as an application of 3 and 9 t/ha of "fine" and "coarse" material (together 5 variants including the control one). Results are available for the forestry practice, research has to continue in the future - potential of negative liming impacts is topical here, consisting in humus mineralization and nutrients losses. Maximum effects on the soil reaction were observed in 8-10 years after limestone application at the soil surface (F - horizon) and in the period 10-15 years lower (H, A - horizons). Base saturation dynamics shows the time delay 2-4 years following pH values. For the site protection, efficient forest stands are vitally important of pioneer as well as climax species.

Physical properties of commercial fertilizers play important role from precision application point of view. Granulometric evaluation is usually performed by sieve separation according ČSN 01 5030 standard. The main subject of this work is the presentation of separation results when vertical airflow is used.

The objective of this study was to investigate the development of rumen mucosa and the level of plasma IGF-1 in calves induced by different amounts and types of milk replacers and solid diet. Forty-five male Holsteincalves 7 days of age were assigned to three groups: group I milk free replacer, late weaned; group II milk free replacer, early weaned, and group III milk replacer, early weaned. All animals received additional concentrate, water and maize silage were offered ad libitum. In each group, three calves were slaughtered at 41 days of age. The concentration of ruminal total SCFA and the molar proportion of butyrate did not differ between the groups, but the molar proportion of acetate was lower (P = 0.01) and the proportion of propionate was higher (P = 0.02) in early weaned calves. Compared to the late weaned calves (group I) the length, width and surface of the papillae of atrium ruminis, the length and width of the papillae of ventral ruminal sac and the length of the papillae of ventral blind sac were greater (P < 0.05) in the early weaned calves fed low amounts of milk and high amounts of concentrate (group III). Furthermore, there was a tendency of plasma IGF-1 concentration to be increased (P = 0.1) in early weaned calves. The plasma levels of glucose and insulin were decreased (P < 0.01, and P = 0.03, respectively). Positive correlations existed between papillae length and plasma IGF-1 concentrations (P < 0.10). Insulin and glucose concentrations were negatively correlated with parameters of papillae development (P < 0.1). In conclusion, the development of rumen papillae was stimulated in calves consuming increased amounts of concentrate. The effect was not correlated with the molar proportion of butyrate, but with the molar propionate proportion in the rumen and with the plasma IGF-1 concentration

: In this study, histological and macroanatomical structures of porcupine penis were examined on 3 adult male porcupines. The non-erectile position of porcupine penis was directed to caudal. There was an obvious collum penis. Glans penis with a black colour was easily distinguished from corpus penis which had a white color. There were cornified papillae covering on both the glans penis and corpus penis. Two small nail symmetrical structures were noted in connective tissue just behind of glans penis, and under the urethra of the corpus penis were distinguished. Histological examinations indicated that these structures histologically fulfilled completely to the name as the nail contained an inner and an outer layer, namely, connective tissue and keratin, respectively. Histological evaluations also showed that it is suitable to categorize the porcupines penis as vascular type. In conclusion, the anatomy of porcupine penis was initially examined in the present study. Our findings will make an important contribution to the knowledge of similar subjects.

The acute and chronic toxicity to honeybees, Apis mellifera of water guttation and dew collected from winter rape plants treated with the insecticide Nurelle D^® (a.i. chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin) was investigated. Caged bees were fed on sugar syrup containing water guttation and dew for 24 h (acute toxicity test) and for 10 days (chronic toxicity test). Bee mortality and food consumption were determined daily. A contact toxicity test was performed within 24 h on bees kept in Petri dishes (10 bees per dish) lined with filter paper saturated with the test solution. The acute Nurelle D^® contact and oral toxicity tests showed that the mortality of bees treated with water guttation and dew collected from the treated plants did not exceed 10%. A chronic toxicity test showed that adding contaminated water guttation and dew to the syrup caused an insignificant increase in bee mortality and reduced the syrup consumption significantly. The chlorpyriphos residue found in contaminated water guttation and dew were below the limit of detection (0.8 µg/kg) and the cypermethrin residue was below the detection levels.

The objective of our study was to test amaranth grain or dried biomass in the diet for broiler chickens as a resource of protein replacing animal protein. Further, the effect of amaranth on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality were assessed in a feeding trial. The experimental groups of broilers were fed feed mixtures with crude amaranth grain (AC), heat processed amaranth grain (AP) or dried above-ground biomass (AB). Control groups (C) received the diet containing animal proteins. The results obtained in the experimental groups of broiler chickens can be compared to the control group in all the production indicators under investigation. On day 42 of the experiment, live weight (g) of female broilers ranged from 2 205.1 ± 152.5 (AP) to 2 254.0 ± 136.5 (C), and that of male broilers from 2 375.1 ± 233.0 (AC) to 2 506.0 ± 286.0 (C). Feed conversion ranged from 1.80 kg in control group of male broiler chickens to 1.91 kg in experimental group of male broilers (AB). Percentage yield in female broiler chickens ranged from 70.8 ± 1.74 (AB) to 72.4 ±3.34(AC) or 72.4 ± 1.98 (C), and in male broilers from 72.8 ±3.55(AP) to 75.1 ±2.44(AB). Our results showed that amaranth can fully replace meat-and-bone meals in the diets for broiler chickens.

Ultraweak photon emission measurements were found to be a useful tool for investigating the influence of stress factors on cells. In the present study, induced photon emission of boar spermatozoa was investigated using a luminometer during a 12-day storage at 15°C in Biosolwens extender. It was shown that the day of storage had a significant effect on some photon emission parameters. During storage, a significant increase in the Integral, Peak max. and Slope max. parameters and a decline in the T.-half (fall) parameter were observed. A significant correlation was observed between photon emission parameters and sperm motility. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that the measurement of induced photon emission can be an alternative, sensitive and relatively simple method for assessing the effect of preservation on oxidative damage to boar spermatozoa.

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on root length (RL) distribution of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated. The study was conducted in Prague-Ruzyne on clay loam Chernozemic soil in the years 1996-2003. Two (N0, N1) and three (N0, N1, N2) treatments, unfertilized (N0), fertilized with 100 kg (N1) and 200 kg N/ha (N2) were studied in 1996-2000 and 2001-2003, respectively. Nitrogen rate 100 kg/ha had no effect on RL in soil layers (P > 0.1) in years 1996-2000 and 2002-2003 and there was not significant interaction between N treatment and soil layer except for year 1998 (P < 0.01). Nitrogen fertilization affected RL distribution significantly (P = 0.013) only in 2001 due to reduction of root growth in subsoil layers in treatment N2 (200 kg N/ha) in comparison with N0 and N1. The effect of N fertilization on total RL in rooted soil volume was insignificant. There was a significant effect of year on total RL (P < 0.01) but not of interaction of year and N treatment. Roots reached, with the exception of two years, the depth between 100 and 130 cm. Nitrogen fertilization (N1) had no effect (P = 0.59) on rooting depth (RD) in years 1996-2000 but there was a significant effect of interaction between year and N fertilization on RD (P < 0.01). In the second experimental series (2001-2003) N fertilization rate 200 kg N/ha significantly reduced maximum RD (P < 0.01) in comparison with N0 and N1. The year had highly significant effect on RD.

The contribution deals with the key issues of contemporary food economy development as a system and its economic implication in regard to changing position of agricultural enterprises. It explicates why globalisation and integration processes have changed the structure and the interrelationships along the food commodity chains and have created completely the new economic environment for production agriculture. Based upon the economic theory outcomes the essential topics related to the problems why agriculture is largely influenced by the final stages of agri-food commodity chains are explained there. The active response on the demand structural changes include is perceived as a needful precondition of competitiveness of agricultural enterprises for future in general.

A study conducted in 1999-2000 in 6 compartments of the Chełmowa Góra forest reserve, situated in the ŚwiętokrzyskieMountains, was aimed at harmful insects infesting cones and seeds of Larix decidua Mill. subsp. polonica (Racib.) Domin. Insect rearing and seed and cone cutting yielded 1,045 specimens of insects belonging to 8 species. Resseliella skuhravyorum Skrzypcz. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Megastigmus pictus (Förster) (Hymeno-ptera: Torymidae) were the most abundantly represented species. They were present in cone samples of all investigated trees. The index of infestation of cones by insects (WZS) was higher in the case of trees growing at the forest edge. The analysis by cutting showed an insignificant percent increase - 6.7% of sound seeds while 88.9% of seeds were blind. M. pictus damaged 2.6% of larch seeds, while R. skuhravyorum 1.7%. The parasitoid Mesopolobus zetterstedtii (Dalla Tore) was received from the mass rearing where its host is M. pictus.

The possibility of the application of near-infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of the selected parameters of quality of the dairy products was followed. The contents of solids and fat, as well as pH in yoghurts (also the titrable acidity), milk semolina, and milk rice were determined. The samples were analysed by reference methods and by FT NIR spectroscope at integrating sphere within reflectance mode in the wavelength range of 10 000-4 000 cm^-1 with 100 scans. To develop the calibration model for the components examined, the partial least squares (PLS) was used and this model was validated by full cross validation. The highest correlation coefficients were found with yoghurt: 0.998 (solids), 0.989 (fat), 0.875 (pH) and 0.989 (titrable acidity), with milk semolina: 0.967 (solids), 0.983 (fat) and 0.992 (pH), and with milk rice: 0.987 (solids), 0.990 (fat) and 0.852 (pH). The results of this study showed the availability of NIR spectroscopy for a quick and non-destructive analysis of the dairy products.

Putting together work operations minimizes the number of machine passes across the plot, which helps to reduce negative soil compaction and to save fuels. However, the combination of working operations also reflects in the increased weight of machines, which - on the other hand - can result exactly in soil compaction. This is why the potential adverse phenomenon can be compensated by using tyres with a larger contact surface with the base. In the case of sowing root crops, some problems may appear with the application of these tyres as a certain part of the stand has been sown in their track. The paper brings an assessment of the possibility to use twin assembly tyres on the tractor model Fendt 822 and on the sowing drill model Monosem NG plus with 18 drilling mechanisms. Parameters to be assessed were soil compaction, and the development of plants sown inside and outside the tractor track. Although the degree of soil compaction was higher in the tractor track, the biological characteristic of plants including yield reached more favourable criteria of assessment. The situation paradoxically resulted from the creation of more favourable moisture conditions in the soil.