The paper devotes attention to evaluating the factors of competitiveness and the quantification of their impact on the export efficiency of grape and wine in the Slovak Republic. For the reason of bad conditions in grape production, Slovakia has not covered the domestic wine demand in years 1998–2003 and therefore wine was imported to Slovakia. Opposite  to, some European wine-producing countries, Slovakia does not suffer from wine overproduction and Slovak vintners have not got problems with selling their production on foreign market. After the downfall of custom protection, an increase of import was expected, mostly of cheap table wines. The chance for Slovak producers is the production of high quality wines, which are getting a good combination of quality and price in comparison with foreign quality wines. It is important, that Slovak consumers should know and prefer quality wines and that the export of Slovak wines are oriented also on other markets not only on the market of the Czech Republic.