Attia Y.A., Qota E.M., Bovera F., Tag El-Din A.E., Mansour S.A. (2010): Effect of amount and source of manganese and/or phytase supplementation on productive and reproductive performance and some physiological traits of dual purpose cross-bred hens in the tropics. British Poultry Science, 51, 235-245  https://doi.org/10.1080/00071661003786111Bae Yun-Jung, Choi Mi-Kyeong, Kim Mi-Hyun (2011): Manganese Supplementation Reduces the Blood Cholesterol Levels in Ca-Deficient Ovariectomized Rats. Biological Trace Element Research, 141, 224-231  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8714-1Bai S. P., Lu L., Luo X. G., Liu B. (2008): Kinetics of Manganese Absorption in Ligated Small Intestinal Segments of Broilers. Poultry Science, 87, 2596-2604  https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00117BAKER D. H., HALPIN K. M. (1987): Research Note: Efficacy of a Manganese-Protein Chelate Compared with that of Manganese Sulfate for Chicks. Poultry Science, 66, 1561-1563  https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0661561Bao Y. M., Choct M., Iji P. A., Bruerton K. (2007): Effect of Organically Complexed Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc on Broiler Performance, Mineral Excretion, and Accumulation in Tissues. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16, 448-455  https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.3.448 Bomb B.S., Kumawat D.C., Bomb P., Taly A.B., Bedi T., Bedi H.K. (1988): Effect of manganese on regression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 36, 149–150.Bradford Marion M. (1976): A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-254  https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3BÜLBÜL Aziz, BÜLBÜL Tuba, KÜÇÜKERSAN Seher, ŞİRELİ Meltem, ERYAVUZ Abdullah (2008): Yumurtacı Tavuklarda Yeme Organik ve İnorganik Zn, Cu ve Mn İlavesinin Oksidan/Antioksidan Denge Üzerine Etkileri. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, , -  https://doi.org/10.9775/kvfd.2007.36-ABurlet Elodie, Jain Sushil K. (2013): Manganese Supplementation Reduces High Glucose-induced Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells and Endothelial Dysfunction in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288, 6409-6416  https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.447805Cowieson A.J., Acamovic T., Bedford M.R. (2004): The effects of phytase and phytic acid on the loss of endogenous amino acids and minerals from broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 45, 101-108  https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660410001668923Davidsson L, Cederblad A, Lönnerdal B, Sandström B (1991): The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 1065-1070  https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1065Davis Cindy D., Ney Denise M., Greger J. L. (1990): Manganese, Iron and Lipid Interactions in Rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 120, 507-513  https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.5.507Finley John W., Monroe Patrick (1997): Mn absorption: The use of CACO-2 cells as a model of the intestinal epithelia. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 8, 92-101  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(96)00180-5Fly Alyce D., Izquierdo Oscar A., Lowry Karen R., Baker David H. (1989): Manganese bioavailability in a MN-methionine chelate. Nutrition Research, 9, 901-910  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(89)80035-1Fouad A.M., Li Y., Chen W., Ruan D., Wang S., Xie W., Lin Y.C., Zheng C.T. (2016): Effects of Dietary Manganese Supplementation on Laying Performance, Egg Quality and Antioxidant Status in Laying Ducks. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11, 570-575  https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2016.570.575Fridovich Irwin (1997): Superoxide Anion Radical (O·̄ ₂ ), Superoxide Dismutases, and Related Matters. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 18515-18517  https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.30.18515Garcia-Aranda Jose A., Wapnir Raul A., Lifshitz Fima (1983): In Vivo Intestinal Absorption of Manganese in the Rat. The Journal of Nutrition, 113, 2601-2607  https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/113.12.2601Ibrahim Mohamed Yousif, Hashim Najihah Mohd, Dhiyaaldeen Summaya M., Al-Obaidi Mazen M.Jamil, El-Ferjani Rashd M., Adam Hoyam, Alkotaini Bassam, Batran Rami Al, Ali Hapipah Mohd (2016): Acute Toxicity and Gastroprotection Studies of a New Schiff Base Derived Manganese (II) Complex against HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcerations in Rats. Scientific Reports, 6, -  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26819 Jeurissen S.H.M., Lewis F., van der Klis J.D., Mroz Z., Rebel J.M.J., ter Huurne A.A.H.M. (2002): Parameters and techniques to determine intestinal health of poultry as constituted by immunity, integrity, and functionality. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 3, 1–14.Ji F., Luo X. G., Lu L., Liu B., Yu S. X. (2006): Effects of manganese source and calcium on manganese uptake by in vitro everted gut sacs of broilers' intestinal segments. Poultry Science, 85, 1217-1225  https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.7.1217Jo C., Ahn D. U. (1998): Fluorometric analysis of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in turkey. Poultry Science, 77, 475-480  https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.3.475Keen Carl L., Bell Janet G., Lönnerdal Bo (1986): The Effect of Age on Manganese Uptake and Retention from Milk and Infant Formulas in Rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 116, 395-402  https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/116.3.395Kiela Pawel R., Ghishan Fayez K. (2016): Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 30, 145-159  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2016.02.007 Leach R.M., Harris E.D. (1997): Manganese. In: O’Dell B.L. and Sunde R.A. (eds): Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Minerals. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, USA, 335–355. Leeson S. (2003): A new look at trace mineral nutrition of poultry: Can we reduce the environmental burden of poultry manure? In: Lyons T.P. and Jacques K.A. (eds): Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, 125–129.Lu L., Ji C., Luo X.G., Liu B., Yu S.X. (2006): The effect of supplemental manganese in broiler diets on abdominal fat deposition and meat quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 129, 49-59  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.12.005Lu L., Luo X. G., Ji C., Liu B., Yu S. X. (2007): Effect of manganese supplementation and source on carcass traits, meat quality, and lipid oxidation in broilers1. Journal of Animal Science, 85, 812-822  https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-229 Luo X.G., Su Q., Huang J.C., Liu J.X. (1992): Effects of manganese (Mn) deficiency on tissue Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity and its mitochondrial ultrastructures of broiler chicks fed a practical diet. Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Science, 23, 97–101. National Research Council (1994): Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Ed. The National Academies Press, Washington, USA. Paglia D.E., Valentine W.M. (1967): Studies on quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70, 158–169.Quarterman J. (2004): Metal Absorption and the Intestinal Mucus Layer. Digestion, 37, 1-9  https://doi.org/10.1159/000199480Rossander-Hultén L, Brune M, Sandström B, Lönnerdal B, Hallberg L (1991): Competitive inhibition of iron absorption by manganese and zinc in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 152-156  https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.1.152Ruskovska Tatjana, Jansen Eugene H. J. M., Antarorov Risto (2014): Evaluation of Assays for Measurement of Serum (Anti)oxidants in Hemodialysis Patients. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1-8  https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/843157Sahagian Benjamin M., Harding-Barlow I., Perry H. Mitchell (1966): Uptakes of Zinc, Manganese, Cadmium and Mercury by Intact Strips of Rat Intestine. The Journal of Nutrition, 90, 259-267  https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/90.3.259Samouilidou E., Grapsa E., Karpouza A., Lagouranis A. (2007): Reactive Oxygen Metabolites: A Link between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Patients on Hemodialysis. Blood Purification, 25, 175-178  https://doi.org/10.1159/000098521 Saripinar-Aksu D., Aksu T., Ozsoy B. (2010): The effects of lower supplementation levels of organically complexed minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) versus inorganic forms on haematological and biochemical parameters in broilers. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 16, 553–559.Sarsour E. H., Kalen A. L., Xiao Z., Veenstra T. D., Chaudhuri L., Venkataraman S., Reigan P., Buettner G. R., Goswami P. C. (2012): Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Regulates a Metabolic Switch during the Mammalian Cell Cycle. Cancer Research, 72, 3807-3816  https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1063Satchithanandam Subramaniam, Vargofcak-Apker Mary, Calvert Richard J., Leeds Anthony R., Cassidy Marie M. (1990): Alteration of Gastrointestinal Mucin by Fiber Feeding in Rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 120, 1179-1184  https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.10.1179Smirnov Asya, Sklan David, Uni Zehava (2004): Mucin Dynamics in the Chick Small Intestine Are Altered by Starvation. The Journal of Nutrition, 134, 736-742  https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.4.736Thompson K. L., Applegate T. J. (2006): Feed Withdrawal Alters Small-Intestinal Morphology and Mucus of Broilers. Poultry Science, 85, 1535-1540  https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.9.1535Wedekind Karen J., Titgemeyer Evan C., Twardock A. Robert, Baker David H. (1991): Phosphorus, but not Calcium, Affects Manganese Absorption and Turnover in Chicks. The Journal of Nutrition, 121, 1776-1786  https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.11.1776Xiao J. F., Wu S. G., Zhang H. J., Yue H. Y., Wang J., Ji F., Qi G. H. (2015): Bioefficacy comparison of organic manganese with inorganic manganese for eggshell quality in Hy-Line Brown laying hens. Poultry Science, 94, 1871-1878  https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev138