Abd El-Rahman H.H., Mohamed M.I., Gehad A.E.A., Awadallah I.M. (2006): Ameliorating the anti-nutritional factors effect in Atriplex halimus on sheep and goats by ensiling or polyethylene glycol supplementation. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 8, 766–769. Adesogan A.T. (2005): Improving forage quality and animal performance with fibrolytic enzymes. In: Proc. Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, USA, 91–109. Al-Owaimer A.N., El-Waziry A.M., Koohmaraie M., Zahran S.M. (2011): The use of ground date pits and Atriplex halimus as alternative feeds for sheep. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5, 1154–1161.Al-Rabbat M.F., Baldwin R.L., Weir W.C. (1971): In Vitro 15Nitrogen-tracer Technique for Some Kinetic Measures of Ruminal Ammonia. Journal of Dairy Science, 54, 1150-1161 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(71)85993-3Alsersy Haidy, Salem Abdelfattah Z. M., Borhami Borhami E., Olivares Jaime, Gado Hany M., Mariezcurrena Maria D., Yacuot Mohamed H., Kholif Ahmed E., El-Adawy Mounir, Hernandez Saul R. (2015): Effect of Mediterranean saltbush ( Atriplex halimus ) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep. Animal Science Journal, 86, 51-58 https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12247 AOAC (1997): Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Ed. Arlington, USA. Borhami B.E., El-Shazly K., Abou-Akkada A.R., Naga M.A., Abaza A.M. (1979): Nitrogen (N15) utilization and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 49, 1306–1311. Borhami B.E., Fahmy W.G., El-Shazly K. (1992): Rumen environment microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in sheep. In: Proc. Internat. Conference Manipulation of Rumen Microorganisms, Alexandria, Egypt, 85–97. Carroll E.J., Hungate R.E. (1954): The magnitude of microbial fermentation in the bovine rumen. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2, 205–214.Chung Y.-H., Zhou M., Holtshausen L., Alexander T.W., McAllister T.A., Guan L.L., Oba M., Beauchemin K.A. (2012): A fibrolytic enzyme additive for lactating Holstein cow diets: Ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, and enteric methane emissions. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 1419-1427 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4552Elghandour M.M.Y., Salem A.Z.M., Gonzalez-Ronquillo M., Bórquez J.L., Gado H.M., Odongo N.E., Peñuelas C.G. (2013): Effects of exogenous enzymes on in vitro gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of four fibrous feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 179, 46-53 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.11.010 El-Shazly K., Hungate R.E. (1965): Fermentation capacity as a measure of net growth of rumen microorganisms. Appllied Microbiology, 13, 62–69.El-Shazly K., Ahmed E. I. A., Naga M. A., Borhami B. E. A. (1976): A colorimetric technique using chromium-ethylene diamine tetra acetate for measuring rumen volume. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 87, 369- https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600027672Eun J.-S., Beauchemin K.A., Hong S.-H., Bauer M.W. (2006): Exogenous enzymes added to untreated or ammoniated rice straw: Effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics and degradability. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 131, 87-102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.01.026Facchini Fernanda D. A., Vici Ana C., Benassi Vivian M., Freitas Luiz A. P., Reis Ricardo A., Jorge João A., Terenzi Héctor F., Polizeli Maria de Lourdes T. M. (2011): Optimization of fibrolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus japonicus C03 with potential application in ruminant feed and their effects on tropical forages hydrolysis. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 34, 1027-1038 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-011-0553-8Gado H.M., Salem A.Z.M., Robinson P.H., Hassan M. (2009): Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, extent of ruminal fermentation as well as milk production and composition in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 154, 36-46 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.07.006Gado H.M., Salem A.Z.M., Odongo N.E., Borhami B.E. (2011): Influence of exogenous enzymes ensiled with orange pulp on digestion and growth performance in lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 165, 131-136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.02.016 Gado H.M., Salem A.Z.M., Camacho L.M., Elghandour M.M.Y., Salazar M.C. (2013): Influence of exogenous enzyme on in vitro ruminal degradation of ensiled rice straw with DDGS. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13, 569–574. Giraldo L.A., Tejido M.L., Ranilla M.J., Carro M.D. (2008): Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro ruminal fermentation of substrates with different forage:concentrate ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141, 306-325 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.013 Hristov A.N., McAllister T.A., Cheng K.J. (2000): Intraruminal supplementation with increasing levels of exogenous polysaccharide-degrading enzymes: effects on nutrient digestion in cattle fed a barley grain diet. Journal of Animal Science, 78, 477–487. Hungate R.E. (1965): The Rumen and Its Microbes. Academic Press, New York, USA.Khattab H.M., Gado H.M., Kholif A.E., Mansour A.M., Kholif A.M. (2011): The Potential of Feeding Goats Sun Dried Rumen Contents with or without Bacterial Inoculums as Replacement for Berseem Clover and the Effects on Milk Production and Animal Health. International Journal of Dairy Science, 6, 267-277 https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2011.267.277 Kholif S.M., Gado H.M., Morsy T.A., El-Bordeny N., Abedo A.A. (2012): Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, blood composition, milk production and its composition as well as milk fatty acids profile in dairy buffaloes. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 15, 13–22.Krueger N. A., Adesogan A. T., Staples C. R., Krueger W. K., Kim S. C., Littell R. C., Sollenberger L. E. (2008): Effect of method of applying fibrolytic enzymes or ammonia to Bermudagrass hay on feed intake, digestion, and growth of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 882-889 https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-717 Le Houerou H.N. (1993): Environmental aspects of fodder trees and shrubs plantation in the Mediterranean Basin. In: Papanastasis V. (ed.): Agriculture A Grimed Research Program: Fodder Trees and Shrubs in the Mediterranean Production Systems: Objectives and Expected Results of the EC Research Contract. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, 11–34.Makkar H.P.S (2003): Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49, 241-256 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00142-1Masters David G., Benes Sharon E., Norman Hayley C. (2007): Biosaline agriculture for forage and livestock production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 119, 234-248 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.08.003 McAllister T.A., Hristov A.N., Beauchemin K.A., Rode L.M., Cheng K.-J. (2001): Enzymes in ruminant diets. In: Bedford M., Partridge G. (eds): Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 273–298. Morgavi D.P., Beauchemin K.A., Nsereko V.L., Rode L.M., McAllister M., Wang Y. (2000): A trichoderma feed enzyme preparation enhances adhesion of Fibrobacter succinogenes to complex substrates but not to pure cellulose. In: 25th Conf. on Rumen Function, Chicago, USA, 33. Norman H.C., Dynes R.A., Rintoul A.J., Wilmot M.G., Masters D.G. (2004): Sheep production from saline land – productivity from old man and river Saltbush and the value of grain and straw supplements. In: Australian Society of Animal Production (ed.): Animal Production in Australia. Proc. 25th Biennial Conf. of the Australian Society of Animal Production, Melbourne, Australia, 289.Norman H. C., Masters D. G., Wilmot M. G., Rintoul A. J. (2008): Effect of supplementation with grain, hay or straw on the performance of weaner Merino sheep grazing old man (Atriplex nummularia) or river (Atriplex amnicola) saltbush. Grass and Forage Science, 63, 179-192 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2007.00623.x NRC (1985): Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. 6th Ed. The National Academies Press, Washington, USA. NRC (2001): Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. The National Academies Press, Washington, USA.Nsereko V.L, Morgavi D.P, Rode L.M, Beauchemin K.A, McAllister T.A (2000): Effects of fungal enzyme preparations on hydrolysis and subsequent degradation of alfalfa hay fiber by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 88, 153-170 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00225-XNsereko V L, Beauchemin K A, Morgavi D P, Rode L M, Furtado A F, McAllister T A, Iwaasa A D, Yang W Z, Wang Y. (2002): Effect of a fibrolytic enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the rumen microbial population of dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 48, 14-20 https://doi.org/10.1139/w01-131Papanastasis V.P., Yiakoulaki M.D., Decandia M., Dini-Papanastasi O. (2008): Integrating woody species into livestock feeding in the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 140, 1-17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.012Salem A.Z.M., Salem M.Z.M., El-Adawy M.M., Robinson P.H. (2006): Nutritive evaluations of some browse tree foliages during the dry season: Secondary compounds, feed intake and in vivo digestibility in sheep and goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 127, 251-267 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.005 Salem A.Z.M., El-Adawy M.M., Gado H.M., Camacho L.M., Ronquillo M., Alsersy H., Borhami B. (2011): Effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrients digestibility and growth performance in sheep and goats. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14, 867–874. Salem A.Z.M., Hassan A.A., Khalil M.S., Gado H.M., Alsersy H., Simbaya J. (2012a): Effects of sun-drying and exogenous enzymes on nutrients intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep fed Atriplex halimus foliages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 171, 128–135. Salem A.Z.M., Szumacher-Strabel M., Lopez S., Khalil M.S., Mendoza G.D., Ammar H. (2012b): In situ degradability of soyabean meal treated with Acacia saligna and Atriplex halimus extracts in sheep. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 21, 447–457.Salem A.Z.M., Gado H.M., Colombatto D., Elghandour M.M.Y. (2013): Effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in beef steers. Livestock Science, 154, 69-73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.014Salem Abdelfattah Z M, Buendía-Rodríguez German, Elghandour Mona M M, Berasain María A Mariezcurrena, Jiménez Francisco J Peña, Pliego Alberto B, Chagoyán Juan C V, Cerrillo María A, Rodríguez Miguel A (2015): Effects of cellulase and xylanase enzymes mixed with increasing doses of Salix babylonica extract on in vitro rumen gas production kinetics of a mixture of corn silage with concentrate. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14, 131-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60732-7 Togtokhbayar N., Salem A.Z.M., Jigjidpurev S., Shinekhuu J., Urantulkhuur D., Nergui D., Odongo N.E., Kholif A.E. (2015): Effect of xylanase on rumen in vitro gas production and degradability of wheat straw. Animal Science Journal, doi: 10.1111/asj.12364. Treacher R.J., Hunt C.W. (1996): Recent developments in feed enzymes for ruminant rations. In: Proc. Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference, Seattle, USA, 37–54.VALDES K. I., SALEM A. Z. M., LOPEZ S., ALONSO M. U., RIVERO N., ELGHANDOUR M. M. Y., DOMÍNGUEZ I. A., RONQUILLO M. G., KHOLIF A. E. (2015): Influence of exogenous enzymes in presence of Salix babylonica extract on digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and performance of lambs fed maize silage. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 153, 732-742 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859614000975Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B., Lewis B.A. (1991): Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 Walker D.J. (1965): Energy metabolism and rumen microorganisms. In: Physiology of Digestion in the Ruminants. Butterworth Inc., Washington, USA.Wang Y., McAllister T. A., Rode L. M., Beauchemin K. A., Morgavi D. P., Nsereko V. L., Iwaasa A. D., Yang W. (2001): Effects of an exogenous enzyme preparation on microbial protein synthesis, enzyme activity and attachment to feed in the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec). British Journal of Nutrition, 85, 325- https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2000277 Warner A.C. (1964): Production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen: methods of measurement. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, 34, 339–352.Yang W.Z., Beauchemin K.A., Rode L.M. (1999): Effects of an Enzyme Feed Additive on Extent of Digestion and Milk Production of Lactating Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 391-403 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75245-8