This paper analyses the properties of electrode methods and contactless inductive methods of the conductivity measurement of biological tissue, which are one of the few which are able to measure the potentials of corresponding components of complex conductivity, i.e. the real reactive conductivity of a resistive and an imaginary component. The analysis was performed by computer modelling and experimental measurements. The publication describes the modelling of currents and of the potential by electrode and methods on tissue phantoms using the finite element method. The Comsol Multiphysics v3.4 program was used for the calculations. The results are presented in 2D and 3D diagrams. Experimental measurements with electrodes in phantom tissues with different conductivity were also conducted and the components of the complex conductivity were evaluated with an RLC Bridge and most accurately by using a lock-in amplifier. Results and experience from the experiments will make it possible to proceed with the next phase of research focused on measuring conductivity and dielectric properties in different types of meat.
Ahmad T., Gencer N.G. (2001): Development of data acquisition system for conductivity images of biological tissues via contactless measurements In: Proceeding of 23rd Annual EMBS International Conference, Oct 25–28, 2001, Istanbul, Turkey: 25–28.
Chi Yu Mike, Jung Tzyy-Ping, Cauwenberghs Gert (2010): Dry-Contact and Noncontact Biopotential Electrodes: Methodological Review. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 3, 106-119
https://doi.org/10.1109/RBME.2010.2084078
Endo Yuta, Tezuka Yoshito, Saito Kazuyuki, Ito Koichi (2015): Dielectric properties and water contents of coagulated biological tissue by microwave heating. IEICE Communications Express, 4, 105-110
https://doi.org/10.1587/comex.4.105
Gencer N.G., Tek M.N. (2006): Imaging tissue conductivity via contactless measurements: a feasibility study. Turkish Journal of Electrically, 6: 183–200.
Griss P., Tolvanen-Laakso H.K., Merilainen P., Stemme G. (2002): Characterization of micromachined spiked biopotential electrodes. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 49, 597-604
https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2002.1001974
Haque M.A., Sulong A.B., Rosli R.E., Majlan E.H., Shyuan L.K., Mashud M.A.A. (2015): Measurement of hydrogen ion conductivity through proton exchange membrane. In: 2015 IEEE International WIE Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dec 19–20, 2015, Dhaka, Bangladesh: 552–555.
Hrazdíra I., Mornstein V. (2001): Medical Biophysics and instrumentation. 1st Ed. Brno, Neptun: 396.
Hruška F. (2007): Sensors in Systems Informatics and Automation. 1st Ed. Zlin, University of Tomas Bata in Zlin.
Jeon Eunyong, Choi Seungyul, Yeo Kyung-Hwan, Park Kyoung Sub, Rathod Mitesh L, Lee Junghoon (2017): Development of electrical conductivity measurement technology for key plant physiological information using microneedle sensor. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 27, 085009-
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/aa7362
Ji Haifeng, Chang Ya, Huang Zhiyao, Wang Baoliang, Li Haiqing (2014): Voidage measurement of gas–liquid two-phase flow based on Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 40, 199-205
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2014.08.013
Liu Yang, Yang Xiaohong, Zhu Qingzi, Ju Peng, Ishii Mamoru, Buchanan J.R. (2017): Development of the droplet-capable conductivity probe for measurement of liquid-dispersed two-phase flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 88, 238-250
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.06.012
Opekar F. (2002): Conductometry and dielectrometry. Available at http://web.natur.cuni.cz/~opekar/elchemchzp/elanalchzp6.doc
Oppl L. (2002): Measurement of dielectric parameters of biological tissue. [Dissertation Thesis.] Prague, CVUT in Prague.
Prance R J, Debray A, Clark T D, Prance H, Nock M, Harland C J, Clippingdale A J (2000): An ultra-low-noise electrical-potential probe for human-body scanning. Measurement Science and Technology, 11, 291-297
https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/3/318
Riedel C H, Keppelen M, Nani S, Merges R D, Dössel O (2004): Planar system for magnetic induction conductivity measurement using a sensor matrix. Physiological Measurement, 25, 403-411
https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/25/1/043
Saint-George M., Riedel C. H., Dössel O. (2002): DESIGN OF A SYSTEM FOR CONTACT-FREE MEASUREMENT OF THE CONDUCTIVITY OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE. Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering, 47, 794-797
https://doi.org/10.1515/bmte.2002.47.s1b.794
Schuetze Andrew P., Lewis Wayne, Brown Chris, Geerts Wilhelmus J. (2004): A laboratory on the four-point probe technique. American Journal of Physics, 72, 149-153
https://doi.org/10.1119/1.1629085
Yamashita Masato, Enjoji Hideo (1989): Resistivity Correction Factor for the Four-Circular-Probe Method. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 28, 258-262
https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.28.258
