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Over 2004-2006, effects of mineral fertilisers (60 N + 30 P + 60 K kg/ha or 120 N + 30 P + 60 K kg/ha) and farmyard manure (12 or 24 t/ha) application on biological and chemical properties of soil were studied in seminatural grassland. The research trial was established at Radvaň site, central Slovakia (altitude 480 m, loamy to sandy-loamy Cambisol). These parameters were investigated during the growing seasons: CO₂ production, intensity of total N mineralisation (TMN), the rate of nitrification (NIT), total C content in microbial biomass (MB-C), C_ox, N_t, P, K, Mg and the humic acids to fulvic acids ratio (HA:FA). At the application of mineral fertilisers, the highest N rate significantly increased TMN and NIT, mainly in 2004 and 2005. The manure application showed the strongest effects on the biological parameters. The manure rate of 12 t/ha significantly increased the soil respiration in 2005 and 2006 as well as TMN and NIT throughout the research. The manure application increased also the soil pH, MB-C, N_t, Mg, P and C_ox.

The genetic diversity of 140 accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. carthlicum Nevski em. A. Löve & D. Löve and 159 accessions of T. turgidum ssp. polonicum L. em. Thell. was evaluated by the analysis of HMW glutenin subunits. Seven allelic variants were found among the carthlicum accessions: three at the Glu-A1 locus (two of them were novel alleles) and four at the Glu-B1 locus (one of them novel). More variability was found among the polonicum accessions with 16 allelic variants: six at the Glu-A1 locus (three of them novel), and ten at the Glu-B1 locus (five of them novel). Totally, ten new alleles were found, one of which appeared in both subspecies. Out of 19 different combinations of alleles detected in both subspecies, 14 were novel. Based on the available passport data, the carthlicum accessions could be separated by origin into 18 groups, and the polonicum accessions into 33 such groups. The genetic diversity was lower among the carthlicum (Ht = 0.174) than among the polonicum accessions (Ht = 0.562). In both subspecies, most diversity was present between groups differing in origin, whereas diversity within the groups was very low. The detected variability offers possibilities for the improvement of bread making quality in durum wheat through introduction of newly detected alleles and for the broadening of genetic diversity in this wheat species.

For the first time in the Czech Republic, bacteria identified as Pseudomonas marginalis, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pseudomonas putida were isolated from tubers of Zantedeschia spp. with symptoms of tuber soft rot. The symptoms occurred on mother tubers as well as on new daughter tubers of different calla lily hybrids with yellow spathe, calla lily cv. Mango with bright orange spathe and Zantedeschia rehmanii with pink spathe. The percentage of diseased plants of the total plants in the plot was around 10%. When inoculated into potato tuber slices, strains of P. marginalis and P. c. subsp. carotovorum produced soft rot. Pectolytic activity of P. marginalis strains was less intensive than that of the P. c. subsp. carotovorum strain. The results confirm that bacterial soft rot of Zantedeschia spp. may have several causes.

Decreasing numbers of tourists to the Czech Republic point at a weakening competitive position of Czech destinations during the most recent years. For many communities, tourism may be a short-lived economic dream when understanding of tourists´ perceptions and travel motives is lacking. The two objectives pursued in this study are 1) an identification of the positions of competing destinations and 2) an a-posteriori segmentation with psychographic variables. Market segmentation becomes the crucial factor in the strategic design process of target marketing. Like many other markets, tourism markets do not respond homogeneously to marketing activities. Subdividing visitors into useful groups may provide a basis for competitive advantage. Our study establishes taxonomy of visitors to Southern Moravia. The study tries to overcome well-known insufficiencies of single segmentation approaches by exploiting the advantage of the multivariate nature of combined push factors, pull factors, and other factors of more restrictive nature (i.e. time and money). The segmentation task employs multivariate data analysis techniques such as factor analysis, cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling. Recent research on the European Vacation Style Typology is incorporated.

The influence of growth regulators on in vitro bulblet formation from ex vitro roots was studied in asiatic and oriental hybrids of Lilium The root segments (3-4 mm) isolated from the middle zone of 2-3 cm ex vitro root were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1 or 1.5 mg/dm³ naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and/or benzyladenine (BA). Bulblets were not produced in the presence of NAA and BA alone. A significant increase in the per cent explants producing bulblets was observed with 1.5 mg/dm³ NAA and 1 mg/dm³ BA. Maximum number of bulblets and average fresh weight per bulblet was observed with 2 mg/dm³ NAA and 1.5 mg/dm³ BA after 90 days of culture. No differences were found among cultivars in bulblet regeneration of explant or bulblet number although more weighty bulblets occurred in cv. Apeldoorn. About 82% bulblet survival was recorded in coco peat after 30 days of transfer to pots.

Based on a questionnaire survey carried out among managers of medium size companies (over 50 employees) of agricultural business in the region Vysočina, it was found that the prevalently production and processing companies (86.3%) reside mostly in small and medium size towns and villages (82.4%). According to the opinion of respondents, the companies employ a too big number (9.8%) of employees while 88.2% respondents consider the situation as adequate to the requirements and possibilities. The respondents estimate (35.2%) that the level of present wages is disproportionately low. At the same time, they anticipate the growth of requirements for qualification (66.7%) with respect to the permanent technological development. However, they do not expect (82.4%) a corresponding marked increase of wages. The evaluation of working conditions has to be an indivisible part of the proper management of human resources in the companies of the region. These conditions are evaluated as satisfactory (88.2%) but in the horizon of 5 years, requirements for their improvement are expected by 78.4% managers of the monitored companies.

The aim of present study was the installation of permanent jugular catheter to miniature pigs, which are frequently used as animal model for the experiments closely related to human medicine. We describe here in many details surgical interventions leading to the localization and fixation of Seldinger needle in ν. jugularis externa and its use for extended period of time. Eight animals were included in these experiments and their heath status was currently monitored and no visible problems were recorded. After two months they were euthanased and potential function of catheters was carefully inspected. Only in two instances we found pathological changes resulting in the obstruction of catheter and trombophlebitis of ν.jugularis externa sin and ν. cava cranialis In six remaining animals, it was easy to inject any time the solutions with drugs to blood system or to take safely blood samples. During whole post operation period the animals were maintained in conventional conditions, without any special care.

Artificial regeneration of autochthonous target tree species plays an important role in the process of conversion of forest stands. The European beech is one of the most suitable and most frequently used tree species in this process. Modern technologies of intensive methods of the cultivation of the European beech seedlings provide, among others, a possibility to increase the proportion of this tree species in reforestation more quickly. It is however necessary to test at what types of sites this planting material can be used. The health status and growth of intensively grown beech seedlings in the first years after planting were studied on 2 research plots. Proper intensive fertilisation of the beech seedlings affected positively both the initial height and growth. Even the slow-release fertiliser did not negatively influence the beech after planting. The health status of the beech is excellent after 4 years, the average height of plants with different fertilisation treatments having become equal. It is to conclude from the hitherto obtained results that a slow-release fertiliser in the substrate has a positive effect on the plant growth, and that different fertilisation variants did not cause any serious root deformations of the beech planting stock samples taken 4 years after planting. The impacts of prior nursery fertilisation upon the beech planted under the conditions of extreme sites are further investigated.

Otiorhynchus sulcatus is considered as an important pest of strawberry fields and on potted ornamental plants. The efficacy to control this pest by new Polish products containing azadirachtin and the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii were tested. The aim of the laboratory investigation was to assess the influence of different forms of azadirachtin (A and B) and the entomopathogen on mortality and physiological development of the insect. Mortality after treatment ranged between 86-93%. There were significant differences in the mean number of surviving stages of the insect between Beauveria and neem treatments, but the final total mortality was not statistically different. Sensitivity of all developmental stages to the fungus was observed. In the neem treatments the physiological development of larvae was completely stopped. The level of control achieved by Beauveria and neem for use in outdoor containers is acceptable for practical application.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the contents of CF, NDF, ADF and ergosterol in the forage of Fistulolium, Dactylis glomerata and Arrhenatherum elatius from stands harvested at the end of the growing season. The contents of CF, NDF and ADF were analysed using the ANKOM Fibre Analyzer instrument. The ergosterol content was analysed by the HPLC method. The lowest CF content was in the Festulolium forage matter (26.8%). Conversely, the highest content was in the Arrhenatherum elatius forage (30.2%). The CF content gradually increased during autumn from 28.0% to 29.4%. Likewise, the NDF and ADF contents were lowest in Festulolium (58.3% and 32.3%, respectively). The highest NDF content was in Arrhenatherum elatius (60.5%). The ADF contents in Arrhenatherum elatius and Dactylis glomerata were comparable (35.9% and 35.1%, respectively). The NDF content increased during autumn from 56.4% to 62.0% and ADF content from 32.8% to 36.4%. The ergosterol content suggests a lower infestation of the Festulolium forage by fungi. While this content in the Festulolium forage was 94.9 mg/kg of dry matter (DM), in the Dactylis glomerata forage it was 136.7 mg/kg DM and in the Arrhenatherum elatius forage 139.9 mg/kg DM. Forage samples taken in December contained ergosterol on a level of 248.6 mg/kg DM. The species under study and the time of use in autumn exhibited a statistically highly significant effect (P < 0.01) on the contents of CF, NDF, ADF and ergosterol in the forage matter.

The agricultural production in less favoured areas (LFA) should, first of all, fulfil the non-production goals, as is the nature and environment protection and job opportunities generation. These goals could be achieved within the conditions of sustainable agricultural production systems. This paper is aimed on the analysis of how the companies operating in marginal conditions realize commercial principles and targets specified for the LFA conditions. The obtained knowledge indicates that the managers of majority of the companies do not respect the recommendations and persist in the intensive production in spite of the unfavourable conditions.

High mortality of nestling cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) was observed in one breeding flock in Slovakia. The nestling mortality affected 50% of all breeding pairs. In general, all the nestlings in affected nests died. Death occurred suddenly in 4- to 6-day-old birds, most of which had full crops. No feather disorders were diagnosed in this flock. Two dead nestlings were tested by nested PCR for the presence of avian polyomavirus (APV) and Chlamydophila psittaci and by single-round PCR for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). After the breeding season ended, a breeding pair of cockatiels together with their young one and a fledgling budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) were examined. No clinical alterations were observed in these birds. Haemorrhages in the proventriculus and irregular foci of yellow liver discoloration were found during necropsy in the young cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. Microscopy revealed liver necroses and acute haemolysis in the young cockatiel and confluent liver necroses and heart and kidney haemorrhages in the budgerigar. Two dead cockatiel nestlings, the young cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar were tested positive for APV, while the cockatiel adults were negative. The presence of BFDV or Chlamydophila psittaci DNA was detected in none of the birds. The specificity of PCR was confirmed by the sequencing of PCR products amplified from the samples from the young cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. The sequences showed 99.6-100% homology with the previously reported sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of APV infection which caused a fatal disease in parent-raised cockatiel nestlings and merely subclinical infection in budgerigar nestlings.

The present paper is the first contribution from the biomass quantification series which is realized by Forestry and Game Management Research Institute in the Krušné hory Mts. (Northern Bohemia). This study is aimed at blue spruce substitute stands. Research was done within the blue spruce experiment Fláje II in the Krušné hory Mts. (800 m above sea level in the spruce forest vegetation zone, acidic category). Results showed that the aboveground biomass of the investigated substitute blue spruce stand without thinning amounted to approximately 56 thousand kg of dry matter per ha at the age of 22 years. Wood and bark of branches are the most important parts of the aboveground biomass (ca 40%). Needles and stem wood accounted for approximately 26 and 28% and stem bark only for 6%. At the age of 22 years, the investigated substitute blue spruce stand accumulated: N - 336 kg, P - 28 kg, K - 138 kg, Ca - 159 kg, Mg - 28 kg per hectare. Thinning with the consequent removal of aboveground biomass (54% of trees, 40% of basal area at the age of 16 years) represented a loss of ca 8.7 thousand kg/ha of total biomass, which contained 53 kg of N, 5 kg of P, 22 kg of K, 26 kg of Ca and 4 kg of Mg. The removal of biomass in areas previously degraded by acid deposition may result in the deficiency of Ca and Mg because of their low content in forest soil. On the other hand, thinning supported the faster growth of trees left after thinning and consequently faster biomass and nutrient accumulation.

An improved protocol for Brassica protoplast culture and plant regeneration was developed. Isolated protoplasts from four-weeks-old in vitro shoot tip culture of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. Siria F1 and Brassica napus doubled haploid of breeding line OP-1 were cultured at a density of 9.8-11.2 × 10⁴ protoplasts/ml in darkness at 25°C in a modified medium containing 2% glucose, 0.25 mg/l 2,4-D, 1 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l NAA. The first divisions of protoplasts were observed on the third day of culture in B. oleracea and on the fourth day in B. napus. The protoplast cultures were diluted with low osmotic medium on 7^th and 11^th day. The frequency of dividing cells was about 80% in B. oleracea and 50% in B. napus. After one month, the microcalli of approximately 0.5-1 mm in size were transferred into an induction medium with various combinations of growth regulators. Minimum duration of enzyme treatment time and extended dark period in the initial phase of culture increased the survival rate of protoplasts. Organogenesis started when the calli enlarged in size on an induction medium (1 mg/l NAA, 0.02 mg/l GA₃, 1 mg/l 2iP) with 2% sucrose and 0.8% agar. Regeneration frequency of calli was found to be 69-75% in B. oleracea and 2-3% in B. napus. Well-developed shoots were transferred for rooting to a half-strength MS medium without growth regulators. More than 100 B. oleracea regenerants were transferred into soil, and they produced normal heads and set seeds. This very simple procedure is efficient and suitable mainly for B. oleracea var. botrytis and represents a background for fusion experiments.

A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2002 in North-East Poland. Each year three sulphur fertilization rates in the form of sulphate (S- SO₄^2-) and pure sulphur (S-S⁰) were applied: 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha. The most beneficial effect on the yields of cabbage, onion and barley was produced by the rates of 40 and 80 kg S/ha, while the dose of 120 kg S/ha (especially when applied as S-SO₄^2-) reduced the yields of these crops. Increasing rates of sulphur used as a fertilizer caused increased concentration of sulphates in plants up to their luxury accumulation. Irrespective of the test crop species or form of sulphur applied, once the crops terminated their vegetative season, the plants fertilized with sulphur typically contained more total N than those fertilized only with NPK. The S-SO₄^2- fertilization tended to raise the accumulation of N-NO₃^- in the crops, especially during the juvenile phase. The application of 120 kg S-SO₄^2-) /kg caused depressed amounts of potassium in cabbage, onion and in barley during the heading phase.

In order to study the characteristics of element values in the cell of plants and soils and their relationships that would help to evaluate the biogeochemical effect of soil on the element contents in the cells of plants in the same environment of Southwestern China, the soil samples were collected for analysis and the weight and atom percentage of elements (WT% and AT%) in the leaves of two different species of Flos Lonicerae were analyzed by the electron probe (EDX-9100). The results of soil analysis show that the nutrient element contents in the soil are determined by the liable content of elements, which were arranged as: Ca > Mg > Cu > Mn > K > Na > P > B > SiO₂ > Zn > Fe, even though the total element values in soil of different horizons were arranged as: SiO₂ > Fe > Ca > Mg > K > Na > Mn > P > Zn > B > Cu. It indicates that karst environment is composed of soluble calcium-rich rock and soil scarcity. Moreover, the migratory velocity and availability of elements are also determined by their coefficient variability. According to statistical results, Ca, Mn and P in the soil have high coefficient variability, reflecting its background of karst soil. Based on the electron probe, it is shown that the content of Ca is higher while Mg is the lowest in the cell of two different species of Flos Lonicerae (r = -0.156, P < 0.05) and the content of P in the cell is inferior to Ca (r = 0.868, P < 0.01). By studying the relationship of soil and the plants, it can be seen that these results are probably caused by the characteristics of local biogeochemistry. Ca is mainly absorbed by plant with the help of transpiration and accumulated in the cell, and thus becomes a predominant element in the cell. The accumulation of Ca in cell of plant will affect the absorbency and the content of other elements in the cell of Flos Lonicerae, resulting in the different contents of other elements in the Flos Lonicerae through synergistic and antagonistic action, followed by the affected quality and officinal value of the Flos Lonicerae.

Pollen viability and germinability in some European chestnut genotypes was assessed in this study. In 10 chestnut genotypes, percentages of pollen viability were generally high and often around or over 80%. The pollen germination percentages of the genotypes were significantly affected by media sucrose concentrations. At optimum sucrose concentrations pollen germination percentages varied between 21.97 and 43.68% in 2004, 3.95 and 31.97% in 2005 and 6.79 and 31.03% in 2006, across all genotypes. The highest pollen germination percentage was obtained from 10% sucrose concentration in all years. Although, in 2006, a highly marked positive correlation (r = 0.80) was determined for the viability and germination percentages, no significant relation between the viability and germination percentages r = -0.54 and r = -0.05, respectively) was found in 2004 and 2005. In 2005 and 2006, germination percentages declined compared to 2004.

www technologies are developing very fast. The new technologies make possible the easier creation of the web applications, which support business activities. Small and medium size enterprises, which serve as the driving force for innovations and thus for economic development, can utilize these technologies for the creation of relatively inexpensive applications, which can be tailor-made for the given enterprise by using the open source software (OSS). This contribution presents several practical examples of how to create - update - the web site of an enterprise and how to supplement it with an e-shop option. Examples from the area of flower selling have been selected.

The objective of this paper is the analysis of the macroeconomic aspects of regional development in the Slovak Republic. Regional development is a much frequented topic recently. In the pre-accession period, Slovak regions had the opportunity of benefiting from the pre-accession funds and competing for finances through projects and strategies. The EU support did not stop with the accession, it continues with the increasing intensity and variability at present. The real challenge is how efficiently is this support used and if it goes to the destinations where it is most needed. For the purposes of the identification of regional development tendencies, we have tried to analyze the selected macroeconomic characteristics for Slovak regions at the NUTS III level. We analyze the following indicators: GDP per capita, labor productivity, foreign direct investment, so that we can explore the situation of living standards in the regions and the determinants. We use the cluster analysis approach in order to specify and identify the regions with similar development characteristics. Based on our findings, we make some recommendations on the support and development strategies for Slovak regions.

Spirocerca lupi is accepted in Veterinary Medicine as the cause of true malignancies in dogs. Aortic lesions and esophageal nodular granulomas are pathological lesions of spirocercosis that are considered to be pathognomic for this disease. Post mortem and histopathological studies of 105 stray dogs both male and female of different age groups from various residential areas were performed and their esophagus were examined for any lesions and helminthic parasites. Twenty dogs (19.04%) were infected with S. lupi. The infection rate was significantly higher in dogs greater than one year old (23.5%) and in western areas (36.4%) with similar prevalence rate in males and females. At histopathologic level, two isolate but closely related fibrosarcoma masses were situated at the distal portion of the thoracic esophagus of one dog and in the site of junction of esophagus and stomach of another one. Metastasis were observed in the lung and mediastinal lymph nodes of one of the dogs. Despite presence of large population of stray dogs little information is available about S. lupi in this country, so this study was undertaken to obtain an overall picture of this infection in stray dogs of Shiraz area, southern Iran.

Harvester technologies represent the second most common logging system in the Czech Republic. The high productivity of this technology is very necessary to cover its acquisition and operational costs. A human factor - a machine operator is the most important factor that surely influences the machine productivity. That is why the aim of this study is as follows: to analyze the mutual dependence of machine operator's education and working experience and harvester and forwarder productivity. The analysis proves that the operator's education and even more his working experience are very important. The time of harvesting work stages was measured when the harvester was operated by an operator with two-year working experience and by an operator with no experience. The average time difference between the harvester operators was 64.9 seconds in one work stage. The statistical significance of different operation times was confirmed during technically demanding segments in the working stage (the boom out the felling head and tree processing). Operators with the same working experience in forestry mechanization - about 13 years but with different education carried out the haulage work stage. In this case, the statistical significance between calculated differences was not proved. This fact proves that the operator's working experience is more important than his education.

The main chemoprotective polyphenolic compounds in the Vitis vinifera berries, rachis, and pedicels of 10 cultivars classified for the production of wine and growing in Southern Moravian vineyards, the Czech Republic, were studied. The following compounds were determined in the frozen fresh berries: gallic acid (1.8-13.3 mg/kg), catechin (70.3-659.1 mg/kg), epicatechin (67.1-237.2 mg/kg), trans-resveratrol (0.1-1.5 mg/kg), and pterostilbene (in traces); in the freeze-dried rachis and pedicels: rutin (10.5-68.6 mg/kg), isoquercitrine (29.8-218.3 mg/kg), catechin (283.7-2227 mg/kg), epicatechin (47.2-215.2 mg/kg), trans-resveratrol (2.6-37.1 mg/kg), and pterostilbene (0.01-0.13 mg/kg), respectively. The contents of polyphenolic compounds were different in various cultivars. The highest levels of catechin and epicatechin were found in the grapes of cv. Blauer Burgunder (3195 mg/kg), in which the second highest content of trans-resveratrol (33.2 mg/kg) was also found. The content of pterostilbene in the whole berries or stems was estimated for the first time. The rachis and pedicels could serve as a prospective source of polyphenolic compounds.

This report assesses the structural diversity of the spruce virgin forest in Nefcerka NNR in the Tatra National Park (TANAP). The structure of the virgin forest is evaluated by the indices proposed by Clark & Evans, Füldner and Jaehne & Dohrenbusch. Concerning the spatial distribution of trees (Clark & Evans index), a statistically significant difference was confirmed between the growth stage and the optimum and the breakdown stages. The influence of altitude on the tendency of concentration of virgin forest trees was also confirmed. In the case of complex diversity evaluation by the JAEHNE & DOHRENBUSCH index (1997), a statistically significantly different diversity of the spruce virgin forest between the growth stage and the other stages was found. The analysis of the regeneration processes revealed their good dynamics even at an altitude above 1,400 m, and with the ascending altitude (above 1,300 m) the dead wood and knolls of wind-thrown roots have the greater importance as seedbeds.

Grape anthocyanins not only play an important role in the colour quality of red wines but they also have many beneficial effects on human health, e.g., reduction of coronary heart disease incidence, or anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties. Therefore, a rapid and efficient extraction technique prior to chromatographic analysis is of primary interest. Pressurised Fluid Extraction (PFE) presents a fast, effective, and environmentally friendly extraction method for the analysis of red grape pigments. In this study, PFE in static mode was utilised for the extraction of 3-monoglucoside anthocyanins from the grape skin of highly pigmented variety Alibernet. The effects of the type of the extraction solvent and the extraction temperature were studied. The identification of the above given compounds were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) based on Synergi C-12 column separation. The wavelength was set at 520 nm. All compounds were determined and identified during 50 minutes.

The effects of different concentrations of copper (0-800 μmol) on growth, protein contents, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in Jatropha curcas L. seedlings were assessed by means of pot experiments. Results suggested that increased copper concentrations lead to decreased shoot elongation and seedling biomass. Protein content in the leaves and roots reached their highest levels at the copper concentrations of 400 μmol, while the highest protein content in the stem was observed at 800 μmol copper. POD activity in leaves and stems was unaffected at low copper concentrations, but showed a considerable variation at high copper concentrations. In roots, the highest POD activity was observed at 200 μmol copper. Under copper stress, SOD activity in leaves increased concomitantly with increasing copper up to 400 μmol, and SOD activity in stems and roots showed a slight increase. Catalase activity significantly elevated in leaves and roots but showed no significant changes in stems of the seedlings exposed to copper. A gradual increase of PAL activity in leaves and roots at the copper concentration of 400 and 200 μmol was observed, while PAL activity remained unchanged in stems.

In the present study, the effects of fungicide Aliette WG 800 [80% fosetyl-Al (aluminium tris-o-ethyl phosphonate)], widely used against Phytophtora infestans on tomatoes grown in greenhouse in Turkey, were studied on the morphology and viability of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pollens. The fungicide was applied to tomatoes grown in greenhouse at recommended dosage (200 g/100 l water) and at double the recommended dosage (400 g/100 l water). The fungicide caused changes in the morphological structures of tomato pollens. Some pollen morphological structures that are not observed in the control group were encountered in the pollens in equatorial view and in polar view at 200 g/100 l treated groups. On the other hand, pollen viability level decreased as the dosage increased. Especially, non-viable pollen types such as wrinkled pollen or pollen with abnormal shape were encountered in the fungicide groups. It was expected that the pollen fertility as well as yield would decrease in future.

Before being used for insemination, young bulls of Czech Fleckvieh (CF) are tested for growth at performance-test stations. While at stations, the bulls are weighed monthly. Evaluation included 7 448 bulls with 82 676 records of weight measured from 6 to 520 days of life. In the station-year-period (HYS), which can be prolonged up to 3 months, different groups were tested according to the beginning of growth curve and according to test-days of weighing. Weight analyses were used to handle heterogeneous variability based on age. Legendre Polynomials (LP) with 5 parameters described the average growth curve for HYS classes. Deviations from average curves were decomposed into genetic (G), animal's permanent environment (PE) and residual (RES) components. Functions of (G) and (PE) were tested using LP random regression (RR) methodology with 5 or 3 parameters and Linear Spline (SP) function with 5 knots. Variance increases with the age of the animals. From 100 to 400 days, heritability was nearly the same with a mild depression in the middle of the period. The average was h² = 0.31 and ended with h² = 0.36. Results were similar for variance components, heritability, genetic, environmental and phenotype correlations from different models with different LP and SP functions. Higher RES variability occurred only for LP with 3 parameters. For traits like live weight, the RR should have at least 3 parameters and SP function should be used.

Investigations on the ovarian cycle of fish species that inhabit Hungarian rivers are necessitated by both environmental and economic reasons. The objective of our research was to explore new fundamental knowledge concerning the ovarian cycle of the white bream (Blicca bjoerkna, Linnaeus, 1758), barbel (Barbus barbus, Linnaeus, 1758), orfe (Leuciscus idus, Linnaeus, 1758) and nase (Chondrostoma nasus, Linnaeus, 1758). Histological investigation of ovaries and determination of proportions of oocytes in different stages of development is an appropriate method for the description of spawning characteristics of these species. Our results show that the GSI value for all four investigated species starts to increase at the end of summer and reaches its maximum before spawning. In the barbel and white bream, the presence of oocytes in the stage of cortical alveoli and the heterogeneous size of oocytes in the stage of vitellogenesis in the pre-spawning period indicate that barbel and white bream are multiple spawners. In contrast, in the orfe and nase, the absence of oocytes in the stage of cortical alveoli and the homogeneous size of cells in the stage of vitellogenesis indicate that orfe and nase are single spawners.

This article is divided into four parts: the first is concerned with the state subsidy and support policy in the year 2001. The second part of the contribution mentions the subsidy development in production and marginal areas in the period 1996-2001 and its influence on the economic result of an average farm. Another part monitors the grant volume and the economic result at a selective sample of the identical firms in the time period from of the year 1997 to the year 2001 in reference to the farm position. The last part will deal with an evaluation of the grant volume where the subsidies are divided according to the subsidy titles in the year 2001 in an average agricultural firm farming in a certain altitude.